# FEDERAL SIGNAL CORP /DE/ (FSS)

Informational only - not investment advice.

CIK: 0000277509
SIC: 3711 Motor Vehicles & Passenger Car Bodies
SIC breadcrumb: [Manufacturing](/division/D/) > [Transportation Equipment](/major-group/37/) > [SIC 3711 Motor Vehicles & Passenger Car Bodies](/industry/3711/)
Latest 10-K filed: 2026-02-25
SEC page: https://www.sec.gov/edgar/browse/?CIK=277509
Filing source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/277509/000162828026011576/fss-20251231.htm

## Selected Fundamentals
| Metric | Value | Unit | FY | Filed |
| --- | ---: | --- | ---: | --- |
| Revenue | 2180500000 | USD | 2025 | 2026-02-25 |
| Net income | 246600000 | USD | 2025 | 2026-02-25 |
| Assets | 2392600000 | USD | 2025 | 2026-02-25 |

## Financials

Annual standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-02-25. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000277509.json. Derived margins are computed from the extracted annual SEC facts.

| Metric | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2025 |
| --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: | ---: |
| Revenue | 707,900,000 | 898,500,000 | 1,089,500,000 | 1,221,300,000 | 1,130,800,000 | 1,213,200,000 | 1,434,800,000 | 1,722,700,000 | 1,861,500,000 | 2,180,500,000 |
| Net income | 43,800,000 | 61,600,000 | 94,000,000 | 108,500,000 | 96,200,000 | 100,600,000 | 120,400,000 | 157,400,000 | 216,300,000 | 246,600,000 |
| Operating income | 60,800,000 | 73,600,000 | 121,500,000 | 147,100,000 | 131,400,000 | 130,700,000 | 160,800,000 | 224,500,000 | 281,400,000 | 340,900,000 |
| Gross profit | 183,400,000 | 221,200,000 | 282,100,000 | 322,800,000 | 293,600,000 | 288,700,000 | 344,900,000 | 450,200,000 | 533,000,000 | 631,200,000 |
| Diluted EPS | 0.71 | 1.02 | 1.54 | 1.76 | 1.56 | 1.63 | 1.97 | 2.56 | 3.50 | 4.01 |
| Assets | 643,200,000 | 992,300,000 | 1,023,800,000 | 1,165,500,000 | 1,208,800,000 | 1,366,100,000 | 1,524,300,000 | 1,620,500,000 | 1,765,200,000 | 2,392,600,000 |
| Liabilities | 249,100,000 | 534,900,000 | 493,700,000 | 523,900,000 | 506,700,000 | 582,100,000 | 663,400,000 | 618,600,000 | 579,100,000 | 1,010,600,000 |
| Stockholders' equity | 394,100,000 | 457,400,000 | 530,100,000 | 641,600,000 | 702,100,000 | 784,000,000 | 860,900,000 | 1,001,900,000 | 1,186,100,000 | 1,382,000,000 |
| Cash and cash equivalents | 50,700,000 | 37,500,000 | 37,400,000 | 31,600,000 | 81,700,000 | 40,500,000 | 47,500,000 | 61,000,000 | 91,100,000 | 63,700,000 |
| Net margin | 6.19% | 6.86% | 8.63% | 8.88% | 8.51% | 8.29% | 8.39% | 9.14% | 11.62% | 11.31% |
| Operating margin | 8.59% | 8.19% | 11.15% | 12.04% | 11.62% | 10.77% | 11.21% | 13.03% | 15.12% | 15.63% |

## Quarterly

Quarterly standardized facts from SEC companyfacts as of latest extracted filing date 2026-04-29. Source: https://data.sec.gov/api/xbrl/companyfacts/CIK0000277509.json.

Flow metrics use discrete quarter-length periods from 10-Q/10-Q/A filings. Q4 revenue and net income are derived only when annual FY and nine-month YTD facts exist for the same fiscal year; derived Q4 values are labeled. EPS Q4 is not derived.

| Quarter | End date | Revenue | Net income | Diluted EPS | Method |
| --- | --- | ---: | ---: | ---: | --- |
| 2022-Q2 | 2022-06-30 |  |  | 0.55 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2022-Q3 | 2022-09-30 |  |  | 0.52 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2023-Q1 | 2023-03-31 |  |  | 0.45 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2023-Q2 | 2023-06-30 | 442,400,000 | 40,300,000 | 0.66 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2023-Q3 | 2023-09-30 | 446,400,000 | 43,300,000 | 0.71 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2023-Q4 | 2023-12-31 | 448,400,000 | 46,400,000 |  | derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD |
| 2024-Q1 | 2024-03-31 | 424,900,000 | 51,600,000 | 0.84 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2024-Q2 | 2024-06-30 | 490,400,000 | 60,800,000 | 0.99 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2024-Q3 | 2024-09-30 | 474,200,000 | 53,900,000 | 0.87 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2024-Q4 | 2024-12-31 | 472,000,000 | 50,000,000 |  | derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD |
| 2025-Q1 | 2025-03-31 | 463,800,000 | 46,300,000 | 0.75 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2025-Q2 | 2025-06-30 | 564,600,000 | 71,400,000 | 1.16 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2025-Q3 | 2025-09-30 | 555,000,000 | 68,100,000 | 1.11 | reported discrete quarter |
| 2025-Q4 | 2025-12-31 | 597,100,000 | 60,800,000 |  | derived Q4 = FY annual - nine-month YTD |
| 2026-Q1 | 2026-03-31 | 625,600,000 | 70,400,000 | 1.14 | reported discrete quarter |

## Macro Cross-References
- [CPIAUCSL](/indicator/CPIAUCSL/): Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items in U.S. City Average
- [UNRATE](/indicator/UNRATE/): Unemployment Rate
- [FEDFUNDS](/indicator/FEDFUNDS/): Federal Funds Effective Rate
- [CES0500000003](/indicator/CES0500000003/): Average Hourly Earnings of All Employees, Total Private
- [DFEDTARU](/indicator/DFEDTARU/): Federal Funds Target Range - Upper Limit
- [DFEDTARL](/indicator/DFEDTARL/): Federal Funds Target Range - Lower Limit
- [DGS3MO](/indicator/DGS3MO/): Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 3-Month Constant Maturity
- [DGS2](/indicator/DGS2/): Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 2-Year Constant Maturity
- [DGS10](/indicator/DGS10/): Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 10-Year Constant Maturity
- [DGS30](/indicator/DGS30/): Market Yield on U.S. Treasury Securities at 30-Year Constant Maturity
- [T10Y2Y](/indicator/T10Y2Y/): 10-Year Treasury Constant Maturity Minus 2-Year Treasury Constant Maturity
- [CPILFESL](/indicator/CPILFESL/): Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items Less Food and Energy
- [CPIUFDSL](/indicator/CPIUFDSL/): Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Food
- [CPIENGSL](/indicator/CPIENGSL/): Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Energy
- [CUSR0000SAH1](/indicator/CUSR0000SAH1/): Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Shelter
- [PCEPI](/indicator/PCEPI/): Personal Consumption Expenditures: Chain-type Price Index
- [PCEPILFE](/indicator/PCEPILFE/): Personal Consumption Expenditures Excluding Food and Energy: Chain-type Price Index
- [PPIACO](/indicator/PPIACO/): Producer Price Index by Commodity: All Commodities
- [T10YIE](/indicator/T10YIE/): 10-Year Breakeven Inflation Rate
- [U6RATE](/indicator/U6RATE/): Total Unemployed, Plus All Marginally Attached Workers Plus Total Employed Part Time for Economic Reasons
- [PAYEMS](/indicator/PAYEMS/): All Employees, Total Nonfarm
- [CIVPART](/indicator/CIVPART/): Labor Force Participation Rate
- [EMRATIO](/indicator/EMRATIO/): Employment-Population Ratio
- [UNEMPLOY](/indicator/UNEMPLOY/): Unemployed
- [CE16OV](/indicator/CE16OV/): Employment Level
- [ICSA](/indicator/ICSA/): Initial Claims
- [JTSJOL](/indicator/JTSJOL/): Job Openings: Total Nonfarm
- [JTSQUR](/indicator/JTSQUR/): Quits: Total Nonfarm
- [GDPC1](/indicator/GDPC1/): Real Gross Domestic Product
- [A191RL1Q225SBEA](/indicator/A191RL1Q225SBEA/): Real Gross Domestic Product: Percent Change from Preceding Period
- [INDPRO](/indicator/INDPRO/): Industrial Production: Total Index
- [TCU](/indicator/TCU/): Capacity Utilization: Total Index
- [HOUST](/indicator/HOUST/): New Privately-Owned Housing Units Started: Total Units
- [PERMIT](/indicator/PERMIT/): New Privately-Owned Housing Units Authorized in Permit-Issuing Places: Total Units
- [RSAFS](/indicator/RSAFS/): Advance Retail Sales: Retail Trade
- [PCE](/indicator/PCE/): Personal Consumption Expenditures
- [DSPIC96](/indicator/DSPIC96/): Real Disposable Personal Income
- [PSAVERT](/indicator/PSAVERT/): Personal Saving Rate
- [M2SL](/indicator/M2SL/): M2
- [BOPGSTB](/indicator/BOPGSTB/): U.S. International Trade in Goods and Services: Balance
- [MSPUS](/indicator/MSPUS/): Median Sales Price of Houses Sold for the United States
- [HSN1F](/indicator/HSN1F/): New One Family Houses Sold: United States
- [RHORUSQ156N](/indicator/RHORUSQ156N/): Homeownership Rate in the United States
- [TTLCONS](/indicator/TTLCONS/): Total Construction Spending: Total Construction in the United States
- [RRVRUSQ156N](/indicator/RRVRUSQ156N/): Rental Vacancy Rate in the United States
- [TOTALSL](/indicator/TOTALSL/): Total Consumer Credit Owned and Securitized
- [REVOLSL](/indicator/REVOLSL/): Revolving Consumer Credit Owned and Securitized
- [DRCCLACBS](/indicator/DRCCLACBS/): Delinquency Rate on Credit Card Loans, All Commercial Banks
- [GDP](/indicator/GDP/): Gross Domestic Product
- [GPDI](/indicator/GPDI/): Gross Private Domestic Investment
- [GCE](/indicator/GCE/): Government Consumption Expenditures and Gross Investment
- [PCEC](/indicator/PCEC/): Personal Consumption Expenditures
- [NETEXP](/indicator/NETEXP/): Net Exports of Goods and Services
- [GFDEBTN](/indicator/GFDEBTN/): Federal Debt: Total Public Debt
- [GFDEGDQ188S](/indicator/GFDEGDQ188S/): Federal Debt: Total Public Debt as Percent of Gross Domestic Product
- [FYFSD](/indicator/FYFSD/): Federal Surplus or Deficit
- [FGRECPT](/indicator/FGRECPT/): Federal Government Current Receipts
- [FGEXPND](/indicator/FGEXPND/): Federal Government: Current Expenditures
- [MANEMP](/indicator/MANEMP/): All Employees, Manufacturing
- [USCONS](/indicator/USCONS/): All Employees, Construction
- [USTRADE](/indicator/USTRADE/): All Employees, Retail Trade
- [USFIRE](/indicator/USFIRE/): All Employees, Financial Activities
- [USGOVT](/indicator/USGOVT/): All Employees, Government
- [AWHAETP](/indicator/AWHAETP/): Average Weekly Hours of All Employees, Total Private
- [DGORDER](/indicator/DGORDER/): Manufacturers' New Orders: Durable Goods
- [NEWORDER](/indicator/NEWORDER/): Manufacturers' New Orders: Nondefense Capital Goods Excluding Aircraft
- [BUSINV](/indicator/BUSINV/): Total Business Inventories
- [EXPGS](/indicator/EXPGS/): Exports of Goods and Services
- [IMPGS](/indicator/IMPGS/): Imports of Goods and Services
- [IR](/indicator/IR/): Import Price Index (End Use): All Commodities
- [PPIFIS](/indicator/PPIFIS/): Producer Price Index by Commodity: Final Demand

## Latest quarter (10-Q)

Latest 10-Q source: https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/277509/000162828026028312/fss-20260331.htm

Extracted between Part I Item 2 and the next Item 3/4 or Part II heading after HTML sanitization.
Confidence: high
Filing date: 2026-04-29
Report date: 2026-03-31

Item 2.     Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is designed to provide information that is supplemental to, and should be read together with, the condensed consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes contained in this Form 10-Q, as well as the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025. Information in MD&A is intended to provide an analysis of our financial condition and results of operations from management’s perspective and assist the reader in obtaining an understanding of (i) the condensed consolidated financial statements, (ii) the Company’s business segments and how the results of those segments impact the Company’s results of operations and financial condition as a whole, and (iii) how certain accounting principles affect the Company’s condensed consolidated financial statements, and to provide discussion of material events and uncertainties known to management that are reasonably likely to cause reported financial information not to be indicative of future operating results or future financial condition. The Company’s results for interim periods should not be regarded as necessarily indicative of results that may be expected for the entire year, which may differ materially due to, among other things, the risk factors described under Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, of the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2025, which was filed with the SEC on February 25, 2026.

Executive Summary

The Company is a leading global manufacturer and supplier of (i) vehicles and equipment for maintenance and infrastructure end-markets, including vacuum trucks (i.e., sewer cleaners, vacuum- and hydro-excavation (“safe-digging”) trucks, and industrial vacuum loaders), dump truck bodies and trailers, and other specialty equipment (i.e., street sweepers, waterblasting equipment, refuse collection vehicles, road-marking and line-removal equipment, metal extraction support equipment, and multi-purpose maintenance vehicles), and (ii) public safety equipment, such as vehicle lightbars and sirens, industrial signaling equipment, public warning systems, and general alarm/public address systems. Product offerings also include certain products manufactured by other companies. In addition to vehicle and equipment sales, the Company engages in the sale of parts, service and repair, equipment rentals, and training as part of a comprehensive aftermarket offering to its customers. The Company operates 21 principal manufacturing facilities in the U.S., three in Canada, two in Europe, and one in South Africa and provides products and integrated solutions to municipal, governmental, industrial, and commercial customers in all regions of the world.

As described in Note 12 – Segment Information to the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements, the Company’s business units are organized in two reportable segments: the Environmental Solutions Group and the Safety and Security Systems Group.

Operating Results

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased by $161.8 million, or 35%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to higher sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, and pricing actions. Our Environmental Solutions Group reported a net sales increase of $145.3 million, or 38%, due to increases in sales of other specialty equipment of $106.6 million, aftermarket offerings of $17.2 million, vacuum trucks of $10.3 million, dump truck bodies and trailers of $8.2 million, as well as a $3.0 million favorable foreign currency translation impact. Within our Safety and Security Systems Group, net sales increased by $16.5 million, or 22%, primarily due to improvements in sales of public safety equipment of $13.1 million and industrial signaling equipment of $1.4 million, as well as a $1.9 million favorable foreign currency translation impact.

Operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased by $34.0 million, or 52%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily driven by a $48.6 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by a $11.8 million increase in Selling, Engineering, General and Administrative (“SEG&A”) expenses, a $2.2 million increase in amortization expense, and a $0.6 million increase in acquisition and integration-related expenses, net. Consolidated operating margin for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was 15.9%, compared to 14.2% in the prior-year quarter.

Income before income taxes for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased by $30.2 million, or 49%, compared to the prior-year quarter. The increase resulted from the higher operating income and a $0.1 million reduction in other expense, partially offset by a $3.9 million increase in interest expense, net.

Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased by $24.1 million compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to the aforementioned increase in income before taxes, partially offset by a $6.1 million increase in income tax expense.

Total orders for the three months ended March 31, 2026 were $623 million, an increase of $55 million, or 10%, compared to the prior-year quarter. Our Environmental Solutions Group reported total orders of $534 million in the three months ended March 31, 2026, an increase of $54 million, or 11%, in comparison to the prior-year quarter. Orders in the three months ended March 31, 2026 within our Safety and Security Systems Group were $89 million, an increase of $1 million, or 1%, compared to the prior-year quarter.

Our consolidated backlog at March 31, 2026 was $1.04 billion, compared to $1.10 billion at March 31, 2025.

24

Table of Contents

Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and illustrates key financial indicators used to assess our consolidated financial results:

Three Months Ended March 31,

($ in millions, except per share data)

2026

2025

Change

Net sales

$

625.6 

$

463.8 

$

161.8 

Cost of sales

446.2 

333.0 

113.2 

Gross profit

179.4 

130.8 

48.6 

Selling, engineering, general and administrative expenses

72.0 

60.2 

11.8 

Amortization expense

6.5 

4.3 

2.2 

Acquisition and integration-related expenses, net

1.2 

0.6 

0.6 

Operating income

99.7 

65.7 

34.0 

Interest expense, net

6.9 

3.0 

3.9 

Other expense, net

0.6 

0.7 

(0.1)

Income before income taxes

92.2 

62.0 

30.2 

Income tax expense

21.8 

15.7 

6.1 

Net income

$

70.4 

$

46.3 

$

24.1 

Operating data:

Operating margin

15.9 

%

14.2 

%

1.7 

%

Diluted earnings per share

$

1.14 

$

0.75 

$

0.39 

Total orders

622.8 

567.9 

54.9 

Backlog

1,037.5 

1,102.0 

(64.5)

Depreciation and amortization

23.8 

18.7 

5.1 

Net sales

Net sales for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased by $161.8 million, or 35%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to higher sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, and pricing actions. The Environmental Solutions Group reported a net sales increase of $145.3 million, or 38%, due to increases in sales of other specialty equipment of $106.6 million, aftermarket offerings of $17.2 million, vacuum trucks of $10.3 million, dump truck bodies and trailers of $8.2 million, as well as a $3.0 million favorable foreign currency translation impact. Within the Safety and Security Systems Group, net sales increased by $16.5 million, or 22%, primarily due to improvements in sales of public safety equipment of $13.1 million and industrial signaling equipment of $1.4 million, as well as a $1.9 million favorable foreign currency translation impact.

Cost of sales

Cost of sales increased by $113.2 million, or 34%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to an increase of $105.4 million, or 37%, within the Environmental Solutions Group, primarily related to higher sales volumes and the addition of cost of sales from recent acquisitions. Within the Safety and Security Systems Group, cost of sales increased by $7.8 million, or 17%, primarily related to higher sales volumes.

Gross profit

Gross profit increased by $48.6 million, or 37%, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to a $39.9 million improvement within the Environmental Solutions Group and a $8.7 million improvement within the Safety and Security Systems Group. Gross profit as a percentage of revenues (“gross profit margin”) for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was 28.7%, compared to 28.2% in the prior-year quarter, primarily due to a 200 basis point improvement within the Safety and Security Systems Group and a 50 basis point improvement within the Environmental Solutions Group.

SEG&A expenses

SEG&A expenses for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased by $11.8 million, or 20%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to an $8.4 million increase within the Environmental Solutions Group, a $0.9 million increase within the Safety and Security Systems Group, and a $2.5 million increase in Corporate SEG&A expenses. As a percentage of net sales,

25

Table of Contents

SEG&A expenses were 11.5% in the current-year quarter, compared to 13.0% in the prior-year quarter.

Operating income

Operating income for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased by $34.0 million, or 52%, compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily driven by a $48.6 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by a $11.8 million increase in SEG&A expenses, a $2.2 million increase in amortization expense, and a $0.6 million increase in acquisition and integration-related expenses, net. Consolidated operating margin for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was 15.9%, compared to 14.2% in the prior-year quarter.

Interest expense, net

Interest expense, net, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased by $3.9 million compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to higher average debt levels.

Other expense, net

Other expense, net, for the three months ended March 31, 2026 decreased by $0.1 million compared to the prior-year quarter, primarily due to higher foreign currency transaction gains.

Income tax expense

The Company recognized income tax expense of $21.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2026, compared to $15.7 million in the three months ended March 31, 2025, with the increase primarily due to the effects of higher pre-tax income levels, partially offset by a $1.1 million increase in excess tax benefits associated with stock-based compensation activity. The Company’s effective tax rate for the three months ended March 31, 2026 was 23.6%, compared to 25.3% in the prior-year quarter.

Net income

Net income for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased by $24.1 million compared to the prior-year quarter, largely due to the $34.0 million increase in operating income and the $0.1 million reduction in other expense, partially offset by a $6.1 million increase in income tax expense and a $3.9 million increase in interest expense, net.

26

Table of Contents

Environmental Solutions

The following table summarizes the Environmental Solutions Group’s operating results as of and for the three months ended March 31, 2026 and 2025: 

Three Months Ended March 31,

($ in millions)

2026

2025

Change

Net sales

$

532.7 

$

387.4 

$

145.3 

Operating income

89.1 

59.7 

29.4 

Operating data:

Operating margin

16.7 

%

15.4 

%

1.3 

%

Total orders

$

534.3 

$

480.1 

$

54.2 

Backlog

965.9 

1,033.1 

(67.2)

Depreciation and amortization

22.6 

17.6 

5.0 

Total orders for the three months ended March 31, 2026 increased by $54.2 million, or 11%, compared to the prior-year quarter, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions. U.S. ord

[Excerpt truncated for page length; source filing is linked above.]

## Latest 10-K MD&A

Extracted between Item 7 and the next Item 7A/8 heading after HTML sanitization.
Confidence: high

Item 7.    Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Objective

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) is designed to provide information that is supplemental to, and shall be read together with, the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes included in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Form 10-K. Information in MD&A is intended to provide an analysis of our financial condition and results of operations from management’s perspective and assist the reader in obtaining an understanding of (i) the consolidated financial statements, (ii) the Company’s business segments and how the results of those segments impact the Company’s results of operations and financial condition as a whole, and (iii) how certain accounting principles affect the Company’s consolidated financial statements, and to provide discussion of material events and uncertainties known to management that are reasonably likely to cause reported financial information not to be indicative of future operating results or future financial condition.

See below for discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2025 compared to the year ended December 31, 2024. See Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2024, filed with the SEC on February 26, 2025, for a detailed discussion of our financial condition and results of operations for the year ended December 31, 2024 compared to the year ended December 31, 2023.

Executive Summary

The Company is a leading global manufacturer and supplier of (i) vehicles and equipment for maintenance and infrastructure end-markets, including sewer cleaners, industrial vacuum loaders, safe-digging trucks, street sweepers, waterblasting equipment, refuse collection vehicles, road-marking and line-removal equipment, dump truck bodies, trailers, metal extraction support equipment, and multi-purpose maintenance vehicles, and (ii) public safety equipment, such as vehicle lightbars and sirens, industrial signaling equipment, public warning systems, and general alarm/public address systems. Product offerings also include certain products manufactured by other companies, such as third-party refuse and recycling collection vehicles. In addition, we engage in the sale of parts, service and repair, equipment rentals, and training as part of a comprehensive aftermarket offering to our customer base. We operate 26 manufacturing facilities in five countries and provide products and integrated solutions to municipal, governmental, industrial, and commercial customers in all regions of the world.

As described in Note 17 – Segment Information in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Form 10-K the Company’s business units are organized in two reportable segments: the Environmental Solutions Group and the Safety and Security Systems Group.

Operating and Financial Performance in 2025

Conditions in our end markets remained strong throughout 2025, with robust demand for our products and services. We continued to execute against our organic growth initiatives, and with contributions from recent acquisitions and additional efficiency gains resulting from the application of our eighty-twenty initiatives, we were able to sustain a high level of financial performance. During the year, we increased production levels at several of our facilities, helping us to deliver record financial results for our stockholders, with 17% net sales growth, double-digit earnings improvement, expansion of margins, and improved cash flow generation.

Included among the Company’s highlights in 2025 were the following:

•Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2025 were $2.18 billion, the highest level in our history, and an increase of $319 million, or 17% from last year.

•Operating income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $340.9 million, an increase of $59.5 million, or 21%, from last year.

•Operating margin for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 15.6%, compared to 15.1% in the prior year.

•Net income for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $246.6 million, an increase of $30.3 million, or 14%, from last year.

•Adjusted EBITDA* for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $438.9 million, an increase of $88.3 million, or 25%, from last year.

•Adjusted EBITDA margin* for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 20.1%, up from 18.8% last year.

•Orders for the year were $2.22 billion, the highest annual orders reported in the Company’s history, contributing to a backlog of $1.04 billion at December 31, 2025.

17

Table of Contents

•Net cash provided by operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $255 million, an increase of $23 million, or 10%, from last year.

•In October 2025, we refinanced our credit agreement, increasing our revolving credit facility from up to $675 million to up to $1.1 billion, and increasing the term loan facility from up to $125 million to up to $400 million.

•With our strong balance sheet, positive operating cash flow, and increased capacity under our new credit facility, we are well positioned to continue to invest in internal growth initiatives, pursue strategic acquisitions, and consider ways to return value to stockholders, as we did during 2025:

◦Our capital expenditures in 2025 were approximately $28 million and included a number of strategic investments in new machinery and equipment aimed at gaining operating efficiencies and expanding capacity at certain production facilities.

◦We continue to invest in new product development and anticipate that these efforts will provide additional opportunities to further diversify our customer base, penetrate new end-markets, and/or gain access to new geographic regions.

◦We continued to execute on our disciplined M&A strategy with the acquisitions of Hog, New Way, and Kinloch. As of December 31, 2025, we have completed 15 acquisitions since 2016.

◦We demonstrated our commitment to returning value to our stockholders by paying cash dividends of $34.1 million and spending $39.7 million to repurchase shares of our common stock under our authorized repurchase program.

*The Company uses adjusted earnings before interest, tax, depreciation, and amortization (“adjusted EBITDA”) and the ratio of adjusted EBITDA to net sales (“adjusted EBITDA margin”) as additional measures to assist it in comparing its performance on a consistent basis for purposes of business decision making by removing the impact of certain items that management believes are not representative of its underlying performance and to improve the comparability of results across reporting periods. Refer to the Results of Operations section for further discussion regarding these non-GAAP metrics and a reconciliation of each to the most comparable GAAP measure for each of the periods presented.

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Results of Operations

The following table summarizes our Consolidated Statements of Operations as of, and for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024, and illustrates the key financial indicators used to assess our consolidated financial results:

For the Years Ended December 31,

Change

(in millions of dollars, except per share data)

2025

2024

2025 vs. 2024

Net sales

$

2,180.5 

$

1,861.5 

$

319.0 

Cost of sales

1,549.3 

1,328.5 

220.8 

Gross profit

631.2 

533.0 

98.2 

Selling, engineering, general and administrative expenses

255.9 

234.0 

21.9 

Amortization expense

18.4 

15.0 

3.4 

Acquisition and integration-related expenses, net

16.0 

2.6 

13.4 

Operating income

340.9 

281.4 

59.5 

Interest expense, net

14.1 

12.5 

1.6 

Pension settlement charges

— 

3.8 

(3.8)

Other expense, net

2.3 

1.2 

1.1 

Income before income taxes

324.5 

263.9 

60.6 

Income tax expense

77.9 

47.6 

30.3 

Net income

$

246.6 

$

216.3 

$

30.3 

Other data:

Operating margin

15.6 

%

15.1 

%

0.5 

%

Adjusted EBITDA (a)

$

438.9 

$

350.6 

$

88.3 

Adjusted EBITDA margin (a)

20.1 

%

18.8 

%

1.3 

%

Diluted earnings per share

$

4.01 

$

3.50 

$

0.51 

Total orders

2,221.5 

1,847.8 

373.7 

Backlog

1,042.4 

997.1 

45.3 

Depreciation and amortization

80.5 

65.3 

15.2 

(a)The Company uses adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin as additional measures to assist it in comparing its performance on a consistent basis for purposes of business decision making by removing the impact of certain items that management believes are not representative of its underlying performance and to improve the comparability of results across reporting periods. The Company believes that investors use versions of these metrics in a similar manner. For these reasons, the Company believes that adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin are meaningful metrics to investors in evaluating the Company’s underlying financial performance. Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total of net income, interest expense, net, pension settlement charges, acquisition and integration-related expenses, net, purchase accounting effects, other expense, net, income tax expense, and depreciation and amortization expense, where applicable. Adjusted EBITDA margin is a non-GAAP measure that represents the total of net income, interest expense, net, pension settlement charges, acquisition and integration-related expenses, net, purchase accounting effects, other expense, net, income tax expense, and depreciation and amortization expense, where applicable, divided by net sales for the applicable period(s). Other companies may use different methods to calculate adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin.

Year ended December 31, 2025 vs. year ended December 31, 2024

Net sales

Net sales for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $319.0 million, or 17%, compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, and pricing actions. The Environmental Solutions Group reported a net sales increase of $280.4 million, or 18%, primarily due to a $61.2 million improvement in aftermarket revenues and increases in sales of road-marking and line-removal equipment of $52.4 million, sewer cleaners of $36.3 million, refuse trucks of $33.6 million, safe-digging trucks of $25.2 million, dump truck bodies of $24.6 million, street sweepers of $23.0 million, industrial vacuum loaders of $12.4 million, and metal extraction support equipment of $10.1 million. Partially offsetting these improvements was an $8.8 million reduction in sales of trailers and a $4.0 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact. Within the Safety and Security Systems Group, net sales increased by $38.6 million, or 13%, primarily due to improvements in sales of public safety equipment of $27.7 million, warning systems of $7.4 million, and a $2.8 million favorable foreign currency translation impact.

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Cost of sales

For the year ended December 31, 2025, cost of sales increased by $220.8 million, or 17%, compared to the prior year, largely due to an increase of $201.1 million, or 17%, within the Environmental Solutions Group, primarily related to increased sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, higher material costs, and a $10.2 million increase in depreciation expense. Within the Safety and Security Systems Group, cost of sales increased by $19.7 million, or 11%, primarily related to increased sales volumes, higher material costs, and a $2.2 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact.

Gross profit

For the year ended December 31, 2025, gross profit increased by $98.2 million, or 18%, compared to the prior year, primarily due to a $79.3 million improvement within the Environmental Solutions Group and a $18.9 million increase within the Safety and Security Systems Group. Gross profit as a percentage of net sales (“gross profit margin”) for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 28.9%, compared to 28.6% in the prior year, primarily driven by a 40 basis point improvement within the Environmental Solutions Group and a 80 basis point improvement within the Safety and Security Systems Group.

Selling, engineering, general and administrative (“SEG&A”) expenses

For the year ended December 31, 2025, SEG&A expenses increased by $21.9 million, or 9%, compared to the prior year, primarily due to a $13.5 million increase within the Environmental Solutions Group, a $6.6 million increase in Corporate SEG&A expenses, and a $1.8 million increase within the Safety and Security Systems Group. As a percentage of net sales, SEG&A expenses were 11.7% in the current year, compared to 12.6% in the prior year.

Operating income

Operating income for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $59.5 million, or 21%, compared to the prior year, largely due to the $98.2 million improvement in gross profit, partially offset by the $21.9 million increase in SEG&A expenses, a $13.4 million increase in acquisition and integration-related costs, net, and a $3.4 million increase in amortization expense. Consolidated operating margin for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 15.6%, compared to 15.1% in the prior year.

Interest expense, net

Interest expense, net for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $1.6 million, or 13%, compared to the prior year, largely due to higher average debt levels associated with the funding of acquisitions in 2025.

Pension settlement charges

During the year ended December 31, 2024, the Company announced a limited-time voluntary lump-sum pension offering to eligible participants of its U.S. defined benefit plan. In 2024, the Company paid a total of $6.8 million in lump-sum benefit payments, using assets of the plan. As total settlement payments during the year ended December 31, 2024 exceeded the sum of the service and interest cost, the Company was required to remeasure the liabilities of the benefit plans and recognized a pension settlement charge of $3.8 million. For further discussion, see Note 11 – Pension and Other Post-Employment Plans in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

Other expense, net

For the year ended December 31, 2025, Other expense, net, increased by $1.1 million compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher net periodic pension expense.

Income tax expense

The Company recognized income tax expense of $77.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, compared to $47.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2024. The increase in income tax expense in 2025 was primarily due to higher pre-tax income levels and the non-recurrence of a $15.9 million discrete tax benefit, which was recognized in the prior-year period in connection with the amendment of certain U.S. federal and state tax returns to claim a worthless stock deduction. Including these items, the Company’s effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 24.0%, compared to 18.0% in 2024. For further discussion, see Note 10 – Income Taxes in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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Net income

Net income for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $30.3 million, or 14%, compared to the prior year, largely due to the increased operating income and the non-recurrence of pension settlement charges recognized in the prior year, partially offset by a $30.3 million increase in income tax expense and the increases in interest expense, net, and other expense, net.

Adjusted EBITDA

Adjusted EBITDA for the year ended December 31, 2025 was $438.9 million, compared to $350.6 million in the prior year. Adjusted EBITDA margin for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 20.1%, compared to 18.8% in the prior year.

The following table summarizes the Company’s adjusted EBITDA and adjusted EBITDA margin and reconciles net income to adjusted EBITDA for the years ended December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

For the Years Ended December 31,

(in millions of dollars)

2025

2024

Net income

$

246.6 

$

216.3 

Add:

Interest expense, net

14.1 

12.5 

Pension settlement charges

— 

3.8 

Acquisition and integration-related expenses, net (a)

16.0 

2.8 

Purchase accounting effects (b)

1.5 

1.1 

Other expense, net

2.3 

1.2 

Income tax expense

77.9 

47.6 

Depreciation and amortization

80.5 

65.3 

Adjusted EBITDA

$

438.9 

$

350.6 

Net sales

$

2,180.5 

$

1,861.5 

Adjusted EBITDA margin

20.1 

%

18.8 

%

(a)Acquisition and integration-related expenses, net for the year ended December 31, 2025 include an aggregate expense of $6.8 million to increase the estimated fair value of contingent consideration for the acquisitions of Hog and substantially all of the assets and operations of Standard Equipment Company (“Standard”), as well as acquisition-related expenses incurred in connection with the acquisitions of New Way and Hog.

(b)Purchase accounting effects represent the step-up in the valuation of equipment acquired in recent business combinations that was sold during the periods presented. Excludes purchase accounting expense effects included within depreciation and amortization of $0.9 million and $0.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively.

Environmental Solutions

The following table summarizes the Environmental Solutions Group’s operating results as of, and for the years ended, December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

For the Years Ended December 31,

Change

(in millions of dollars)

2025

2024

2025 vs. 2024

Net sales

$

1,837.5 

$

1,557.1 

$

280.4 

Operating income

324.6 

261.2 

63.4 

Other data:

Operating margin

17.7 

%

16.8 

%

0.9 

%

Total orders

$

1,857.8 

$

1,541.6 

$

316.2 

Backlog

965.8 

939.7 

26.1 

Depreciation and amortization

75.7 

60.9 

14.8 

Year ended December 31, 2025 vs. year ended December 31, 2024

Total orders for the year ended December 31, 2025 increased by $316.2 million, or 21%, compared to the prior year. U.S. orders increased by $329.8 million, or 27%, primarily due to improvements in orders for refuse trucks of $147.4 million, inclusive of the acquisition of a $142.9 million U.S. order backlog attributable to the New Way transaction, aftermarket offerings of $51.6 million, safe-digging trucks of $46.8 million, road-marking and line-removal equipment of $43.8 million,

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inclusive of the acquisition of a $16.1 million U.S. order backlog attributable to the Hog transaction, industrial vacuum loaders of $17.8 million, street sweepers of $14.7 million, and dump truck bodies of $9.6 million. Partially offsetting these improvements were reductions in orders for multi-purpose maintenance vehicles of $1.5 million, sewer cleaners of $1.1 million, and trailers of $0.9 million. Non-U.S. orders decreased by $13.6 million, or 4%, primarily due to reductions in orders for third-party refuse trucks of $73.0 million and dump truck bodies of $9.3 million, as well as a $4.3 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact. Partially offsetting these reductions were improvements in orders for sewer cleaners of $24.5 million, metal extraction support equipment of $13.5 million, road-marking and line-removal equipment of $12.2 million, inclusive of the acquisition of a $3.4 million non-U.S. order backlog attributable to the Hog transaction, aftermarket offerings of $7.0 million, safe-digging trucks of $4.6 million, the acquisition of a $3.4 million non-U.S. order backlog attributable to the New Way transaction, waterblasting equipment of $2.2 million, industrial vacuum loaders of $1.7 million, and street sweepers of $1.6 million.

Net sales increased for the year ended December 31, 2025 by $280.4 million, or 18%, compared to the prior year, primarily due to higher sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, and pricing actions. U.S. net sales increased by $219.7 million, or 17%, primarily due to a $55.5 million increase in aftermarket revenues and increases in sales of road-marking and line-removal equipment of $46.3 million, dump truck bodies of $32.4 million, sewer cleaners of $31.2 million, safe-digging trucks of $21.0 million, street sweepers of $17.7 million, industrial vacuum loaders of $12.4 million, and refuse trucks of $7.9 million. Partially offsetting these improvements were reductions in shipments of trailers of $8.8 million and multi-purpose maintenance vehicles of $3.4 million. Non-U.S. net sales increased by $60.7 million, or 21%, primarily due to increases in sales of third-party refuse trucks of $25.7 million, metal extraction support equipment of $11.3 million, road-marking and line-removal equipment of $6.1 million, aftermarket offerings of $5.7 million, street sweepers of $5.3 million, sewer cleaners of $5.1 million, safe-digging trucks of $4.2 million, and waterblasting equipment of $3.9 million. Partially offsetting these improvements was a $7.8 million reduction in dump truck body shipments and a $4.0 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact.

Cost of sales increased by $201.1 million, or 17%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily related to increased sales volumes, inclusive of the effects of acquisitions, higher material costs, and a $10.2 million increase in depreciation expense. Gross profit margin for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 26.4%, compared to 26.0% in the prior year, with the improvement primarily attributable to improved operating leverage from higher sales volumes and benefits from pricing actions, partially offset by higher material costs and higher depreciation expense.

SEG&A expenses increased by $13.5 million, or 11%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily due to additional costs from acquired businesses, as well as increases in sales commissions and higher employee-related expenses. As a percentage of net sales, SEG&A expenses were 7.7% in the current year, compared to 8.2% in the prior year.

Operating income increased by $63.4 million, or 24%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, largely due to a $79.3 million increase in gross profit and a $1.0 million reduction in acquisition-related costs, partially offset by the $13.5 million increase in SEG&A expenses and a $3.4 million increase in amortization expense.

Backlog was $966 million at December 31, 2025, compared to $940 million at December 31, 2024.

Safety and Security Systems

The following table summarizes the Safety and Security Systems Group’s operating results as of, and for the years ended, December 31, 2025 and December 31, 2024:

For the Years Ended December 31,

Change

(in millions of dollars)

2025

2024

2025 vs. 2024

Net sales

$

343.0 

$

304.4 

$

38.6 

Operating income

81.5 

64.4 

17.1 

Other data:

Operating margin

23.8 

%

21.2 

%

2.6 

%

Total orders

$

363.7 

$

306.2 

$

57.5 

Backlog

76.6 

57.4 

19.2 

Depreciation and amortization

4.2 

3.9 

0.3 

Year ended December 31, 2025 vs. year ended December 31, 2024

Total orders increased by $57.5 million, or 19%, for the year ended December 31, 2025. U.S. orders increased by $41.2 million, or 20%, compared to the prior year, driven by improvements in orders for public safety equipment of $33.0 million, warning

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systems of $7.0 million, and industrial signaling equipment of $1.2 million. Non-U.S. orders increased by $16.3 million, or 16%, primarily due to improvements in orders for public safety equipment of $21.5 million and a $2.6 million favorable foreign currency translation impact. Partially offsetting these improvements were reductions in orders for warnings systems of $6.8 million and industrial signaling equipment of $1.0 million.

Net sales increased by $38.6 million, or 13%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, inclusive of the effects of higher sales volumes and pricing actions. U.S. net sales increased by $23.5 million, or 12%, driven by improvements in sales of public safety equipment of $17.3 million, warning systems of $3.7 million, and industrial signaling equipment of $2.5 million. Non-U.S. net sales increased by $15.1 million, or 15%, driven by improvements in sales of public safety equipment of $10.4 million, warning systems of $3.7 million, and a $2.8 million favorable foreign currency translation impact. Partially offsetting these improvements was a $1.8 million reduction in shipments of industrial signaling equipment.

Cost of sales increased by $19.7 million, or 11%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily related to increased sales volumes, higher material costs, and a $2.2 million unfavorable foreign currency translation impact. Gross profit margin for the year ended December 31, 2025 was 42.8%, compared to 42.0% in the prior year, with the increase primarily attributable to improved operating leverage from higher sales volumes and benefits from pricing actions, partially offset by higher material costs.

SEG&A expenses increased by $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily due to higher employee-related costs. As a percentage of net sales, SEG&A expenses were 19.0% in the current year, compared with 20.9% in the prior year.

Operating income increased by $17.1 million, or 27%, for the year ended December 31, 2025, primarily due to a $18.9 million increase in gross profit, partially offset by the $1.8 million increase in SEG&A expenses.

Backlog was $77 million at December 31, 2025, compared to $57 million at December 31, 2024.

Corporate Expense

Corporate operating expenses were $65.2 million in 2025 and $44.2 million in 2024.

For the year ended December 31, 2025, corporate operating expenses increased by $21.0 million compared to the prior year, primarily due to a $14.4 million increase in acquisition-related expenses, which included an aggregate expense of $6.8 million to increase the estimated fair value of contingent consideration for the acquisitions of Hog and Standard, as well as acquisition-related expenses incurred in connection with the acquisitions of New Way and Hog. In addition, corporate operating expenses for the year ended December 31, 2025 include year-over-year increases in post-retirement expense, information technology costs, stock compensation expense, and incentive-based compensation, as well as the non-recurrence of a $1.8 million gain associated with an insurance recovery in the prior year.

The Company’s hearing loss litigation has historically been managed by the Company’s legal staff resident at the corporate office and not by management at either segment. In accordance with Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 280, Segment Reporting, which provides that segment reporting should follow the management of the item and that certain expenses may be corporate expenses, these legal expenses (which are not part of the normal operating activities of any of our reportable segments) are reported and managed as corporate expenses.

Financial Condition, Liquidity and Capital Resources

The Company uses its cash flow from operations to fund growth and to make capital investments that sustain its operations, reduce costs, or both. Beyond these uses, remaining cash is used to pay down debt, repurchase shares, fund dividend payments, and make pension contributions. The Company may also choose to invest in the acquisition of businesses. In the absence of significant unanticipated cash demands, we believe that the Company’s existing cash balances, cash flow from operations, and borrowings available under the 2025 Credit Agreement will provide funds sufficient for these purposes. The net cash flows associated with the Company’s rental equipment transactions are included in cash flows from operating activities.

The Company’s cash and cash equivalents totaled $63.7 million as of December 31, 2025 and $91.1 million as of December 31, 2024. As of December 31, 2025, $20.1 million of cash and cash equivalents was held by foreign subsidiaries. Cash and cash equivalents held by subsidiaries outside the U.S. typically are held in the currency of the country in which it is located. The Company uses this cash to fund the operating activities of its foreign subsidiaries and for further investment in foreign operations. Generally, the Company has considered such cash to be indefinitely reinvested in its foreign operations and the Company’s current plans do not demonstrate a need to repatriate such cash to fund U.S. operations. However, in the event that these funds were needed to fund U.S. operations or to satisfy U.S. obligations, they generally could be repatriated. The

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repatriation of these funds may cause the Company to incur additional income tax expense and withholding taxes, as applicable, dependent on income tax laws and other circumstances at the time any such amounts were repatriated.

Net cash provided by operating activities totaled $254.7 million in 2025 and $231.3 million in 2024. The increase in cash generated by operating activities in 2025 compared to the prior year was primarily due to higher net income partially offset by the non-recurrence of a U.S. federal worthless stock deduction refund of approximately $14.0 million received in the prior year.

Net cash used for investing activities totaled $527.9 million in 2025 and $78.9 million in 2024. In both years, cash was used to fund the purchase of properties and equipment, with capital expenditures of $27.6 million in 2025 and $40.6 million in 2024. During 2025, the Company completed the acquisitions of Hog for initial consideration of $82.5 million, New Way for an initial payment of $403.6 million, net of cash acquired, and certain assets and operations of Kinloch for $14.9 million. During 2024, the Company completed the acquisition of Standard for initial consideration of $39.7 million.

Net cash of $244.5 million was provided by financing activities in 2025, whereas in 2024, net cash of $121.0 million was used for financing activities. In 2025, the Company increased net borrowings under its credit facilities by an aggregate $349.7 million, primarily to fund current-year acquisitions. Additionally, the Company funded payments of $4.3 million relating to the 2023 acquisition of substantially all of the assets and operations of Trackless Vehicles Limited and Trackless Vehicles Asset Corp., including the wholly owned subsidiary Work Equipment Ltd (collectively, “Trackless”). The Company also paid $11.5 million to acquire a previously-leased manufacturing facility, funded cash dividends of $34.1 million and share repurchases of $39.7 million, and redeemed $13.6 million of common stock in order to remit funds to tax authorities to satisfy employees’ tax withholdings following the vesting of stock-based compensation and the exercise of stock options. The Company also received $3.7 million from stock option exercises in 2025. In 2024, the Company paid down $76.5 million of borrowings under its revolving credit facility and $3.9 million under its term loan facility, funded cash dividends of $29.3 million and share repurchases of $6.7 million, and redeemed $6.1 million of common stock in order to remit funds to tax authorities to satisfy employees’ tax withholdings following the vesting of stock-based compensation and the exercise of stock options. The Company also received $2.0 million from stock option exercises in 2024.

On October 29, 2025, the Company entered into the 2025 Credit Agreement, by and among the Company, Wells Fargo Bank, National Association, as administrative agent, swingline lender, and an issuing lender, BofA Securities, Inc., PNC Capital Markets LLC, Truist Bank, and U.S. Bank National Association as syndication agents, and the other lenders and parties signatory thereto.

The 2025 Credit Agreement is a senior secured credit facility that provides the Company access to an aggregate principal amount of up to $1.5 billion, consisting of (i) a revolving credit facility in an amount up to $1.1 billion (the “Revolver”) and (ii) a delayed draw term loan facility in an amount up to $400 million (the “Term Loan”), which was drawn down on November 25, 2025 in connection with the acquisition of New Way. The Revolver provides for borrowings in the form of loans or letters of credit up to the aggregate availability under the facility, with a sub-limit of $100 million for letters of credit. Borrowings can be made in denominations of U.S. dollars, Canadian dollars, euros, or British pounds (with borrowings in non-U.S. currencies subject to a sublimit of $550 million). In addition, the Company may expand its borrowing capacity under the 2025 Credit Agreement by an aggregate amount of up to the sum of (x) the greater of (i) $500 million and (ii) 100% of Consolidated EBITDA for the applicable four-quarter period preceding such expansion, and (y) the amount of additional indebtedness (if any) that could be incurred without causing the Consolidated Total Net Leverage Ratio for the applicable four-quarter period preceding such expansion, on a pro forma basis, to exceed 2.75 to 1.00, subject to the approval of the applicable lenders providing such additional borrowings. Such expansion may be in the form of increases to the revolving facility commitments, or funding of incremental term loans. Borrowings under the 2025 Credit Agreement may be used for working capital and general corporate purposes, including acquisitions. The 2025 Credit Agreement matures on October 29, 2030.

The obligations of the Company under the 2025 Credit Agreement are guaranteed by the Company’s material domestic subsidiaries and secured by a first priority security interest in (i) substantially all existing and hereafter acquired domestic property and assets of the Company and material domestic subsidiaries, (ii) the stock or other equity interests in each of the material domestic subsidiaries, and (iii) 65% of outstanding voting capital stock of certain first-tier foreign subsidiaries, subject to certain exclusions.

Borrowings under the 2025 Credit Agreement bear interest, at the Company’s option, at a base rate or an Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate (as defined in the 2025 Credit Agreement) in the case of borrowings in euros or an adjusted RFR (as defined in the 2025 Credit Agreement) in the case of borrowings in U.S. dollars, Canadian dollars, or British pounds, plus, in each case, an applicable margin. The applicable margin ranges from zero to 0.75% for base rate borrowings and 1.00% to 1.75% for Adjusted Eurocurrency Rate and RFR borrowings. The Company must also pay a commitment fee to the lenders ranging between 0.10% to 0.25% per annum on the unused portion of the Revolver, along with other standard fees. Applicable margin, issuance fees, and other customary expenses are payable on outstanding letters of credit.

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The Company is subject to certain net leverage ratio and interest coverage ratio financial covenants under the 2025 Credit Agreement that are to be measured at each fiscal quarter-end for the most recently ended four-quarter period. The Company was in compliance with all such covenants as of December 31, 2025. The 2025 Credit Agreement also includes certain “covenant holiday” periods, which allow for the temporary increase of the maximum net leverage ratio following the completion of a permitted acquisition, or a series of acquisitions, when the aggregate consideration over a period of twelve months exceeds $75 million. In addition, the 2025 Credit Agreement includes customary negative covenants, subject to certain exceptions, restricting or limiting the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ ability to, among other things: (i) make non-ordinary course dispositions of assets; (ii) make certain fundamental business changes, such as mergers, consolidations or any similar combination; (iii) make restricted payments, including dividends and stock repurchases; (iv) incur indebtedness; (v) make certain loans and investments; (vi) create liens; (vii) transact with affiliates; (viii) enter into certain sale/leaseback transactions; (ix) make negative pledges; and (x) modify subordinated debt documents.

The 2025 Credit Agreement permits restricted payments, including dividends and stock repurchases, under certain circumstances, including, but not limited to if: (i) the Company’s leverage ratio is less than or equal to 3.25x; (ii) the Company is in compliance with all other financial covenants; and (iii) there are no existing defaults under the 2025 Credit Agreement. If its leverage ratio is more than 3.25x, the Company is still permitted to fund (1) up to $50 million of dividend payments and stock repurchases, in total, annually; and (2) additional incremental other cash payments up to the greater of $100 million or 5% of consolidated total assets (as defined in the 2025 Credit Agreement) for the term of the 2025 Credit Agreement.

The 2025 Credit Agreement contains customary events of default. If an event of default occurs and is continuing, the Company may be required immediately to repay all amounts outstanding under the 2025 Credit Agreement and the commitments from the lenders may be terminated.

The 2025 Credit Agreement amended and restated the Third Amended and Restated Credit Agreement (as amended, the “2022 Credit Agreement”), which provided the Company with an aggregate original principal amount of up to $800 million, consisting of (i) a revolving credit facility in an amount up to $675 million and (ii) a term loan facility in an original amount of up to $125 million.

In connection with entering into the 2025 Credit Agreement during the year ended December 31, 2025, the Company wrote off $0.1 million of unamortized deferred financing fees associated with the 2022 Credit Agreement as a component of Interest expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations, and incurred $4.4 million of new debt issuance costs. The remaining unamortized deferred financing costs are being amortized over the five-year term as a component of Interest expense, net on the Consolidated Statements of Operations.

As of December 31, 2025, there was $164.0 million of cash drawn on the Revolver, $400.0 million outstanding under the Term Loan, and $10.7 million of undrawn letters of credit under the 2025 Credit Agreement, with $925.3 million of net availability for borrowings.

The following table summarizes the gross borrowings and gross payments under the Company’s revolving credit facilities:

For the Years Ended December 31,

(in millions of dollars)

2025

2024

Gross borrowings

$

264.3 

$

18.0 

Gross payments

194.3 

94.5 

Aggregate maturities of long-term borrowings and finance lease obligations are $0.5 million in 2026, $10.4 million in 2027, $20.3 million in 2028, $20.3 million in 2029, $514.2 million in 2030, and $0.9 million thereafter. The weighted average interest rate on long-term borrowings was 4.8% at December 31, 2025.

The Company paid interest of $14.3 million in 2025 and $15.3 million in 2024.

The Company paid income taxes (net of refunds) of $64.9 million in 2025. In 2024, the Company paid income taxes of $62.4 million and received the aforementioned $14.0 million U.S. federal income tax refund.

The Company paid cash dividends to stockholders of $34.1 million in 2025 and $29.3 million in 2024. The declaration of future dividends is subject to the discretion of the Board and depends on various factors that our Board deems relevant to its analysis and decision making, including our net income, financial condition, and cash requirements.

The Company anticipates that capital expenditures for 2026 will be in the range of $45 million to $55 million. The Company believes that its financial resources and major sources of liquidity, including cash flow from operations and borrowing capacity, will be adequate to meet its operating needs, capital needs, and financial commitments.

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Contractual Obligations and Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

The following table summarizes the Company’s contractual obligations and payments due by period as of December 31, 2025:

Payments Due by Period

(in millions of dollars)

Total

Less than

1 Year

2-3 Years

4-5 Years

More than

5 Years

Long-term debt

$

564.0 

$

— 

$

30.0 

$

534.0 

$

— 

Interest payments on long-term debt (a)

126.5 

27.2 

53.5 

45.8 

— 

Operating lease obligations (b)

32.7 

9.4 

13.6 

7.6 

2.1 

Finance lease obligations

3.0 

0.6 

0.9 

0.5 

1.0 

Purchase obligations (c)

281.5 

268.5 

12.4 

0.6 

— 

Pension contributions (d)

4.6 

4.6 

— 

— 

— 

Contingent earn-out payments (e)

29.6 

15.0 

14.6 

— 

— 

Total contractual obligations (f)

$

1,041.9 

$

325.3 

$

125.0 

$

588.5 

$

3.1 

(a)    Amounts represent estimated contractual interest payments on outstanding long-term debt.

(b)    Amounts include contractual obligations associated with lease arrangements with an initial term of twelve months or less, which are not recorded on the Consolidated Balance Sheets. For further discussion, see Note 4 – Leases in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

(c)    Purchase obligations primarily relate to commercial chassis and other contracts in the ordinary course of business.

(d)    The Company expects to contribute up to $4.6 million to the U.S. defined benefit pension plan in 2026. The Company does not currently expect to make any contributions to the non-U.S. defined benefit pension plan in 2026. Future contributions to the plans will be based on such factors as (i) annual service cost, (ii) the financial return on plan assets, (iii) interest rate movements that affect discount rates applied to plan liabilities, and (iv) the value of benefit payments made. Due to the high degree of uncertainty regarding the potential future cash outflows associated with these plans, the Company is unable to provide a reasonably reliable estimate of the amounts and periods in which any additional liabilities might be paid beyond 2026.

(e)    Represents the fair value of the contingent earn-out payments associated with acquisitions. For further discussion, see Note 2 – Acquisitions and Note 18 - Fair Value Measurements in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

(f)    As of December 31, 2025, the Company had a liability of approximately $1.5 million for unrecognized tax benefits, including penalties and interest. For further discussion, see Note 10 – Income Taxes in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. Due to the uncertainties related to these tax matters, the Company generally cannot make a reasonably reliable estimate of the period of cash settlement for this liability. As such, the potential future cash outflows are not included in the table above.

The following table summarizes the Company’s off-balance sheet arrangements and the notional amount by expiration period as of December 31, 2025:

Notional Amount by Expiration Period

(in millions of dollars)

Total  

Less than

1 Year

2-3 Years

4-5 Years

Financial standby letters of credit (a)

$

10.7 

$

10.7 

$

— 

$

— 

Performance and bid bonds (b)

14.1 

13.2 

0.9 

— 

Repurchase obligations (c)

11.4 

1.6 

4.7 

5.1 

Total off-balance sheet arrangements

$

36.2 

$

25.5 

$

5.6 

$

5.1 

(a)     Financial standby letters of credit largely relate to casualty insurance policies for the Company’s workers’ compensation, automobile, general liability and product liability policies.

(b)    Performance and bid bonds primarily relate to guarantees of performance of certain subsidiaries that engage in transactions with domestic and foreign customers.

(c)     Relates to certain transactions that the Company has entered into involving the sale of equipment to certain of its customers which included (i) guarantees to repurchase the equipment for a fixed price at a future date and (ii) guarantees to repurchase the equipment from the third-party lender in the event of default by the customer. For further discussion, see Note 12 – Commitments and Contingencies in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

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Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect (i) the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, (ii) disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and (iii) the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. The Company considers the following policies to be the most critical in understanding the judgments that are involved in the preparation of the Company’s consolidated financial statements and the uncertainties that could impact the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, or cash flow.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the cost of an acquired business over the amounts assigned to its net assets. Goodwill is not amortized but is tested for impairment at a reporting unit level on an annual basis or more frequently if indicators of impairment exist. The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test as of October 31, 2025.

In testing the goodwill of its reporting units for potential impairment, the Company applies either a qualitative or quantitative test, in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other.

A qualitative approach may be applied when the Company concludes that it is not “more likely than not” that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying value. In conducting a qualitative assessment, the Company analyzes a variety of events or factors that may influence the fair value of the reporting unit, including, but not limited to: the results of prior quantitative assessments performed; changes in the carrying amount; actual and projected financial performance; relevant market data for both the Company and its guideline comparable companies; industry outlook; and macroeconomic conditions. Significant judgment is used to evaluate the totality of these events and factors to make the determination of whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. In this situation, the Company would not be required to perform the quantitative impairment test described below.

A quantitative approach is performed by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount. If the fair value of a reporting unit exceeds its carrying amount, goodwill of the reporting unit is not impaired, and no impairment charge is required. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value, this difference is recorded as an impairment charge not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill. The Company generally determines the fair value of its reporting units using both the income and market approaches.

Under the income approach, the key assumptions include projected sales and earnings before interest, income taxes, depreciation, and amortization (“EBITDA”). These assumptions are determined by management utilizing our internal operating plan, including growth rates for revenues and margin assumptions. An additional key assumption under this approach is the discount rate, which is determined by reviewing current risk-free rates of capital and current market interest rates and by evaluating the risk premium relevant to the reporting unit. If the Company’s assumptions relative to growth rates were to change, the fair value calculation may change, which could result in impairment.

Under the market approach, the Company estimates fair value using marketplace fair value data from within a comparable industry grouping of publicly traded companies and from pricing multiples implied from sales of companies similar to the Company’s reporting units. The Company’s selection of comparable guideline companies is a key assumption underlying the market approach. Similar to the income approach discussed above, sales, cost of sales, operating expenses, EBITDA and their respective growth rates are also key assumptions utilized. The market prices of the Company’s common stock and other guideline companies are additional key inputs. If these market prices increase, the estimated market value would increase. Conversely, if market prices decrease, the estimated market value would decrease.

The results of these two methods are weighted based upon management’s evaluation of the relevance of the two approaches.

Although the Company believes its estimates of fair value are reasonable, actual financial results could differ from estimated financial results due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making such estimates. Changes in assumptions concerning future financial results or other underlying assumptions could have a significant impact on either the fair value of the reporting units, the amount of any goodwill impairment charge, or both. The Company also compares the sum of the estimated fair values of its reporting units to the overall fair value of the Company implied by its market capitalization. This comparison provides an indication that, in total, assumptions and estimates are reasonable. Future declines in the overall market value of the Company may also result in a conclusion that the fair value of one or more reporting units has declined below its carrying value.

In 2025, the Company applied the quantitative approach to assess the goodwill of its reporting units for potential impairment, and used a combination of the income and market approaches to determine the fair value of its reporting units. The valuations were prepared by a third-party valuation specialist. One measure of the sensitivity of assumptions used in the impairment

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analysis is the amount by which each reporting unit “passed” (fair value exceeds the carrying value). The fair values of the reporting units exceeded their carrying values by more than 60%. Therefore, no impairment was recognized.

The Company had no goodwill impairments in 2025, 2024, or 2023. For all reporting units, a 10% decrease in the estimated fair value would have had no effect on the carrying value of goodwill at the annual measurement date in 2025. However, adverse changes to the Company’s business environment and future cash flow could cause us to record impairment charges in future periods, which could be material.

See Note 8 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for a summary of the Company’s goodwill by segment.

Indefinite-lived Intangible Assets

An intangible asset determined to have an indefinite useful life is not amortized. Indefinite-lived intangible assets are tested for impairment on an annual basis at October 31, or more frequently if an event occurs or circumstances change that indicate the fair value of an indefinite-lived intangible asset could be below its carrying amount. The Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets include trade names associated with acquisitions.

In testing the indefinite-lived intangibles assets for potential impairment, the Company applies either a qualitative test, or a quantitative test, in accordance with ASC 350, Intangibles — Goodwill and Other. A qualitative approach may be applied when the Company concludes that it is not “more likely than not” that the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets is less than their carrying value. A quantitative impairment test consists of comparing the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset with its carrying amount. An impairment loss would be recognized for the carrying amount in excess of its fair value.

Significant judgment is applied when evaluating whether an intangible asset has an indefinite useful life and in testing for impairment. The Company primarily uses the relief from royalty model to estimate the fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible assets. The relief from royalty model requires management to make a number of business and valuation assumptions including future revenue growth and royalty rates.

In 2025, the Company performed a combination of qualitative and quantitative impairment tests over its indefinite-lived intangible assets. The fair value of the indefinite-lived intangible asset that was quantitatively tested for impairment exceeded its carrying value by approximately 45%, and, therefore, no impairment was recognized. This valuation was prepared by a third-party valuation specialist. Further, the Company concluded that it was not “more likely than not” that the fair value of indefinite-lived intangible assets that were qualitatively tested for impairment were less than the carrying amounts. Accordingly, further quantitative testing was not required to be performed.

The Company had no indefinite-lived intangible asset impairments in 2025, 2024, or 2023. Although the Company believes its estimates of fair value are reasonable, actual financial results could differ from estimated financial results due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making such estimates. The use of alternative estimates and assumptions could increase or decrease the estimated fair value of the assets and potentially result in different impacts to the Company’s results of operations. Actual results may differ from the Company’s estimates.

See Note 8 – Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, for a summary of the Company’s indefinite-lived intangible assets.

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