EVgo Inc. (EVGO) FY 2023 MD&A

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

The following discussion and analysis provides information that management believes is relevant to an assessment and understanding of EVgo’s consolidated results of operations and financial condition. The discussion should be read in conjunction with EVgo’s consolidated financial statements and the related notes thereto as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, included elsewhere in this Annual Report. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve numerous risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause EVgo’s actual results to differ materially from management’s expectations due to a number of factors, including those discussed in the sections entitled “Risk Factors” and “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Annual Report.

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Overview

EVgo is a leader in EV charging solutions, building and operating the infrastructure and tools needed to expedite the mass adoption of EVs for individual drivers, rideshare and commercial fleets, and businesses. EVgo is one of the nation’s largest public fast charging networks, featuring over 950 fast charging locations across more than 35 states, including stations built through EVgo eXtend, its white label service offering. EVgo is accelerating transportation electrification through partnerships with automakers, fleet and rideshare operators, retail hosts such as grocery stores, shopping centers, and gas stations, policy leaders, and other organizations.

The foundation of the Company’s business is building, owning and operating EV fast charging sites that deliver charging to EVs driven by individuals, commercial drivers, and fleet operators. EVgo’s core revenue stream is from the provision of charging services for EVs of all types on EVgo’s network. In addition, a variety of business-to-business commercial relationships provide EVgo with revenue or cash payments based on commitments to build new infrastructure, provide guaranteed access to charging, and offer marketing, data and software-driven services. EVgo also earns revenue from the sale of regulatory credits generated through sales of electricity and its operation and ownership of its DCFC network. EVgo believes this combination of revenue streams can drive long-term margin expansion and customer retention.

Specifically, charging network revenue is earned through the following streams:

In addition to offering access to its public network, EVgo offers dedicated charging solutions to fleets. Through its fleet product, EVgo develops, builds, and services charging assets for fleets either at their own depot locations

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or at off-site charging hubs that EVgo has secured without requiring a fleet to directly incur capital expenditures. EVgo offers a variety of pricing models for dedicated charging solutions, including a mix of volumetric commitments and variable and fixed payments for provision of charging services. Together, EVgo’s dedicated charging solutions and public fleet charging services provide fleets with charging infrastructure options that are robust and flexible as the transition to electrified transportation accelerates.

EVgo generates non-charging network revenue from the following streams:

Recent Developments

Geopolitical and Macroeconomic Environment

During the last several years, the global economy has experienced disruption and sustained volatility due to a number of factors. For example, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine and an escalation of tensions and conflict in Israel and the broader Middle East region have led to disruptions, instability and volatility in global markets and industries and will likely continue to lead to, geopolitical instability, market uncertainty and supply disruptions. Additionally, recent

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inflationary pressures have resulted in and may continue to result in increases to the costs of charging equipment and personnel, which could in turn cause capital expenditures and operating costs to rise. Sustained levels of high inflation have likewise caused the U.S. Federal Reserve and other central banks to increase interest rates, which could have the effects of raising the cost of capital and depressing economic growth.

The current economic environment remains uncertain, and the extent to which EVgo’s operating and financial results for future periods will be impacted by the conflicts in Ukraine, Israel and the broader Middle East region, rates of inflation, instability in the financial services sector, supply-chain disruptions, government efforts to reduce inflation and any recession will largely depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be reasonably estimated at this time. In addition, continued long lead times of grid equipment such as transformers may impact EVgo’s development cycle.

Government EV Initiatives

In order to encourage the use of EVs, the U.S. federal government and some state and local governments provide incentives to end users and owners of EVs and EV charging stations in the form of rebates, tax credits, low-cost funding and other financial incentives that promote EV adoption and related EV charging infrastructure. EVgo believes the promotion of EVs and the installation of related EV charging infrastructure will continue in part due to the ongoing implementation of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (the “Bipartisan Infrastructure Law”) and the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “Inflation Reduction Act”), which included extensions, expansions and revisions of various tax credits relating to EVs and EV charging infrastructure and may provide more flexibility and options in monetizing such credits. In particular, the Inflation Reduction Act (i) expanded and extended tax credits for EV charging infrastructure and new EVs while also imposing new limitations and requirements for such credits, (ii) introduced tax credits for used EVs and commercial EVs and (iii) introduced the concept of transferability for certain tax credits, providing an additional option to monetize such credits.

However, these incentives may expire on a particular date, end when the allocated funding is exhausted, or may be reduced or terminated as a matter of regulatory or legislative policy. For example, the results of the 2024 Presidential and Congressional elections and resulting legislative or regulatory actions, if pursued, could impact the availability or value of these incentives or reduce access to such low-cost funding. Further, the impact of the Inflation Reduction Act and other government EV initiatives, including regulatory requirements and restrictions that may impact the ability of EVgo and its competitors to take advantage of such initiatives, cannot be known with any certainty at this time, and EVgo may not reap any or all of the expected benefits of the Inflation Reduction Act or the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law. For example, federal guidance on Buy America requirements applicable to the National Electric Vehicle Infrastructure (“NEVI”) Program, which was established by the Bipartisan Infrastructure Law, requires domestic assembly and U.S. steel requirements for chargers to qualify for funding under the NEVI program, with higher domestic content percentages required in 2024. These requirements could increase costs and lead to delays in the installation of EV chargers in the U.S. as charging providers and their customers adjust their build-out plans in order to accommodate these added Buy America requirements, which could result in delays in receipt of revenue from customers. Similarly, regulations proposed and guidance issued by the U.S. Department of the Treasury to implement domestic content, assembly and “foreign entity of concern” eligibility requirements to qualify for EV tax credits passed in the Inflation Reduction Act may reduce incentives available to encourage the adoption of EVs, which could negatively affect the EV market and adversely impact EVgo’s business operations and expansion potential.

In addition to NEVI funding, which has been made available to every state department of transportation to administer grant programs to support the deployment of charging infrastructure, a number of states also offer various rebates, grants and tax credits to incentivize both EV and EVSE purchases. Additionally, in many states, utilities offer rebates or other incentive programs, typically called “make-ready” programs, to incent the development of EV charging infrastructure.

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Key Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

EVgo’s revenue is generated across various business lines. The majority of EVgo’s revenue is generated from the sale of charging services, which are comprised of retail, commercial and OEM business lines, and its eXtend offering. In addition, EVgo generates ancillary revenue through the sale of data services and consumer retail services. EVgo also offers network services to OEM customers, including memberships and marketing. Finally, as a result of owning and operating the EV charging stations, EVgo earns regulatory credits such as LCFS credits, which are sold to generate additional revenue.

Cost of Sales

Charging Network. Charging network cost of sales consists primarily of energy usage fees, site operating and maintenance expenses, network charges, warranty and repair services, and site lease and related expenses associated with charging stations.

Other. Other cost of sales is primarily related to costs associated with the eXtend business and the sale of data services and other ancillary services.

Depreciation, Net of Capital-Build Amortization. Depreciation, net of capital-build amortization, consists of depreciation related to EVgo’s property and equipment associated with charging equipment and installation and is partially offset by the amortization of EVgo’s capital-build liabilities associated with third-party funding received for charging stations and other programs.

Gross Profit (Loss) and Gross Margin

Gross profit (loss) consists of EVgo’s revenue less its total cost of sales. Gross margin is gross profit (loss) as a percentage of revenue.

Operating Expenses

General and Administrative. General and administrative expenses primarily consist of payroll and related personnel expenses, IT and office services, customer service, office rent expense and professional services. EVgo expects its general and administrative expenses to increase in absolute dollars as it continues to grow its business. EVgo also expects to continue to incur additional expenses related to compliance and reporting obligations pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC, general insurance and directors’ and officers’ insurance, investor relations and other professional services.

Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion. Depreciation, amortization and accretion consists of depreciation related to EVgo’s property, equipment and software not associated with charging equipment and, therefore, not included in the depreciation, net of capital-build amortization expenses recorded in cost of sales. This also includes amortization of EVgo’s intangible assets and accretion related to EVgo’s asset retirement obligations.

Operating Profit (Loss) and Operating Margin

Operating profit (loss) consists of EVgo’s gross profit (loss) less total operating expenses. Operating margin is operating profit (loss) as a percentage of revenue.

Interest Income

Interest income consists primarily of interest earned on cash, cash equivalents and debt securities.

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Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other (expense) income, net, consists primarily of unrealized gains and losses on marketable securities.

Change in Fair Values of Warrant and Earnout Liabilities

The change in the fair values of the warrant and earnout liabilities reflects the mark-to-market adjustments associated with warrants to purchase shares of the Company’s common stock and earnout liabilities for each reporting period.

Income Taxes

EVgo’s provision for income taxes consists primarily of income taxes related to federal and state jurisdictions where business is conducted related to the Company’s ownership in EVgo OpCo. For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, EVgo’s provision for income taxes and effective tax rate were deemed to be de minimis. As of December 31, 2023 and 2022, EVgo maintained a full valuation allowance on EVgo’s net deferred tax assets. There were no unrecognized tax benefits for uncertain tax positions, nor any significant amounts accrued for interest and penalties as of December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Net Earnings (Loss) Attributable to Redeemable Noncontrolling Interest

Net earnings (loss) attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest represents the share of net earnings or loss that is attributable to the holder of EVgo’s Class B common stock.

Key Performance Indicators

EVgo management uses several performance metrics to manage the business and evaluate financial and operating performance:

Network Throughput on the EVgo Network

Network throughput represents the total amount of GWh consumed by EVs using chargers and charging stations that EVgo has operational on its network (excluding eXtend chargers and charging stations) (the “EVgo Network”). EVgo typically monitors GWh sales by three components: business line, customer and customer class. EVgo believes monitoring of component trends and contributions is the appropriate way to monitor and measure business-related health.

Number of DC Stalls on the EVgo Network

Number of DC stalls represents the total number of DC stalls (energized, inspected and commissioned) on the EVgo Network (“DC Stalls”). One stall can charge one vehicle at a time. There are certain configurations of EVgo sites where one DC charger is capable of charging only one vehicle at a time; all chargers at such a site are counted as one stall per one charger. There are certain configurations of EVgo sites where one DC charger is capable of charging two vehicles simultaneously; all chargers at such a site are counted as two stalls per one charger.

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The following table presents network throughput and the number of DC stalls on the EVgo Network:

Factors Affecting EVgo’s Operating Results

EVgo believes its performance and future success depend on a number of factors, including those discussed below and in Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors.”

EV Sales

EVgo’s revenue growth is directly tied to the adoption and continued acceptance and usage of passenger and commercial EVs, which it believes drives the demand for electricity, charging infrastructure and charging services. The market for EVs is still rapidly evolving and, although demand for EVs has grown in recent years, there is no guarantee of such future demand. Additionally, as demand increases, the supply must keep pace for adoption to continue to accelerate at a rapid pace. Factors impacting the adoption of EVs include perceptions about EV features, quality, safety, performance and cost; perceptions about the limited range over which EVs may be driven on a single battery charge; availability of services for EVs; consumers’ perception about the convenience, speed, reliability and cost of EV charging; volatility in the price of gasoline and diesel; EV supply chain shortages and disruptions including, but not limited to, availability of certain components (e.g., semiconductors and critical raw materials necessary for the production of EVs and EV batteries), the ability of EV OEMs to ramp-up EV production and/or allocate sufficient quantities of EV models to the U.S. market; domestic content requirements or other policy constraints; availability of batteries and battery materials; availability, cost and desirability of other alternative fuel vehicles, including plug-in hybrid EVs and high fuel-economy gasoline and diesel-powered vehicles; increases in fuel efficiency; regulations applicable to vehicle emissions and fuel economy; and availability of federal and state credits for EV purchases. In addition, macroeconomic factors could impact demand for EVs, particularly since the sales price of EVs can be more expensive than traditional gasoline-powered vehicles. If the market for EVs does not develop as expected or if there is any slowdown or delay in overall adoption of EVs, EVgo’s operating results may be adversely affected.

Electrification of Fleets

EVgo faces competition in the emerging fleet electrification segment, including from certain fleet customers who may opt to install and own charging equipment on their property; however, EVgo believes its unique set of offerings to fleets and its existing charging network position EVgo advantageously to win business from fleets. Fleet owners are generally more sensitive to the total cost of ownership of a vehicle than private-vehicle owners. As such, electrification of vehicle fleets may occur more slowly or more rapidly than management forecasts based on the cost to purchase, operate and maintain EVs and the general availability of such vehicles relative to those of internal combustion engine vehicles. The ability of EVgo and its competitors to offer competitive charging services and value-added ancillary services may impact the pace at which fleets electrify and may impact EVgo’s ability to capture market share in fleets. Additionally, federal, state and local government support and regulations directed at fleets (or lack thereof) may accelerate or delay fleet electrification and increase or reduce EVgo’s business opportunity.

Competition

The EV charging industry is increasingly competitive. The principal competitive factors in the industry include charger count, locations, accessibility and reliability; charger connectivity to EVs and ability to charge widely adopted standards; speed of charging relative to expected vehicle dwell times at a location; DCFC network reliability, scale and local density; software-enabled service offerings and overall customer experience; operator brand, track record and reputation; access to equipment vendors and service providers; policy incentives; and pricing. Existing competitors may expand their product offerings and sales strategies, new competitors may enter the market and certain fleet customers may

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choose to install and operate their own charging infrastructure. If EVgo’s market share decreases due to increased competition, its revenue and ability to generate profits in the future may be impacted.

Government Mandates, Incentives and Programs

The U.S. federal government and some state and local governments provide incentives to end users and owners of EVs and EV charging stations in the form of rebates, tax credits, low-cost funding and other financial incentives, such as payments for regulatory credits. The EV market relies on these governmental rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives to significantly lower the effective price of EVs and EV charging stations and to otherwise financially support these industries. However, these incentives may expire on a particular date, end when the allocated funding is exhausted, or may be reduced or terminated as a matter of regulatory or legislative policy. For example, the results of the 2024 Presidential and Congressional elections and resulting legislative or regulatory actions, if pursued, could impact the availability or value of these incentives or reduce access to such low-cost funding. Further, EVgo has historically claimed federal tax credits under Section 30C of the Code. The Inflation Reduction Act revised the eligibility criteria for these credits, and there can be no assurance that the EV charging stations placed into service by EVgo will meet the revised requirements, and compliance with such requirements could increase EVgo’s labor and other costs. Any reduction in rebates, tax credits or other financial incentives available to EVs or EV charging stations could negatively affect the EV market and adversely impact EVgo’s business operations and expansion potential. In addition, there is no assurance that EVgo will have the necessary tax attributes to utilize any such credits that are available and may not be able to monetize such credits on favorable terms. Further, certain features of EVgo OpCo’s ownership may limit the available tax credit that can be monetized or utilized. See Part I, Item 1A, “Risk Factors — Risks Related to the EV Market — The EV market currently benefits from the availability of rebates, tax credits and other financial incentives from governments, utilities and others to offset the purchase or operating cost of EVs and EV charging stations. The reduction, modification or elimination of such benefits could adversely affect EVgo’s financial results.” for further discussion.

Technology Risks

EVgo relies on numerous internally developed and externally sourced hardware and software technologies to operate its network and generate earnings. EVgo engages a variety of third-party vendors for non-proprietary hardware and software components and software-as-a-service elements. The ability of EVgo to continue to integrate its technology stack with technological advances in the wider EV ecosystem including EV model characteristics, charging standards, charging hardware, software and battery chemistries and value-added customer services will determine EVgo’s sustained competitiveness in offering charging services. There is a risk that some or all of the components of the EV technology ecosystem become obsolete and that EVgo will be required to make significant investments to continue to effectively operate its business. For example, a majority of the largest OEMs have announced plans to adopt the NACS standard in their future EVs. SAE International, a standards-developing organization for automotive engineering professionals, is currently working on an initiative to adapt Tesla’s specifications for NACS into the SAE J3400 industry standard. EVgo has announced that it will be adding NACS connectors to its fast-charging network in 2025; however, integrating NACS connectors in future charger installations and on certain existing chargers will require significant investment and management attention.

EVgo’s management believes EVgo’s business model is well-positioned to enable EVgo to remain technology-, vendor- and OEM-agnostic over time and allow the business to remain competitive regardless of long-term technological shifts in EVs, batteries or modes of charging.

Sales of Regulatory Credits

EVgo derives revenue from selling regulatory credits earned for participating in LCFS programs, or other similar carbon or emissions trading schemes, in various jurisdictions in the U.S. EVgo currently sells these credits at market prices. These credits are exposed to various market and supply and demand dynamics which can drive price volatility and which are difficult to predict. Price fluctuations in credits may have a material effect on future results of operations. The availability of such credits depends on continued governmental support for these programs. If these programs are modified, reduced or eliminated, EVgo’s ability to generate this revenue in the future would be adversely impacted. In addition to

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current programs, EVgo is currently monitoring additional proposals related to potential LCFS programs in varying stages of discussions, including in New York, along with potential changes to the Renewable Fuels Standard.

Results of Operations

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2022

The table below presents EVgo’s results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

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Total revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $106.4 million, or 195%, to $161.0 million compared to $54.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. As further discussed below, the increase in revenue during 2023 was primarily due to a $53.9 million increase in eXtend revenue, a $26.8 million increase in retail charging revenue, an $11.1 million increase in commercial charging revenue, and a $6.0 million increase in ancillary revenue.

Charging Revenue, Retail. Charging revenue, retail, for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $26.8 million, or 142%, to $45.7 million compared to $18.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Year-over-year growth was primarily due to an overall increase in throughput driven primarily by increased charging volume from a greater number of customers and more throughput per customer.

Charging Revenue, Commercial. Charging revenue, commercial, for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $11.1 million, or 331%, to $14.5 million compared to $3.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Year-over-year growth was primarily due to higher charging volumes by the Company’s public fleet customers.

Charging Revenue, OEM. Charging revenue, OEM, for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $4.2 million, or 451%, to $5.2 million compared to $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher charging volumes and customer enrollments from the Company’s OEM partners.

Regulatory Credit Sales. Regulatory credit sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $1.0 million, or 18%, to $6.7 million compared to $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increased throughput resulting in additional credit generation, partially offset by a decrease in market prices.

Network Revenue, OEM. Network revenue, OEM, for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $3.2 million, or 132%, to $5.7 million compared to $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The year-over-year increase was primarily due to increased breakage associated with prepaid charging credits and increased branding and marketing activities.

eXtend Revenue. eXtend revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $53.9 million, or 292%, to $72.4 million compared to $18.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase in equipment sales and an increase in projects in process or completed compared to the same prior year period.

Ancillary Revenue. Ancillary revenue for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $6.0 million, or 123%, to $10.8 million compared to $4.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to increased revenue from engineering and construction revenue, equipment sales, and PlugShare.

Cost of Sales

Charging Network. Charging network cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $29.5 million, or 111%, to $56.0 million compared to $26.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $21.4 million increase in usage-related energy costs resulting from increased throughput, a $3.9 million increase in site lease and related expenses, and a $2.9 million increase in maintenance costs.

Other. Other cost of sales for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $48.4 million, or 324%, to $63.4 million compared to $14.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to a $44.7 million increase in costs to support eXtend revenue, a $1.8 million increase in costs to support engineering and construction revenue, and a $1.4 million increase in costs for higher equipment sales.

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Depreciation, Net of Capital-Build Amortization. Depreciation, net of capital-build amortization, for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $13.1 million, or 70%, to $31.9 million compared to $18.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 due to the growth of EVgo’s charging network.

Gross Profit (Loss) and Gross Margin

Gross profit for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $9.7 million compared to a gross loss of $5.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to improved gross profit from the charging network and eXtend revenue, partially offset by increased depreciation, net of capital-build amortization. Gross margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 improved to 6.0% compared to negative 10.4% for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to improved leveraging of charging station costs, resulting in higher gross margin on charging network revenue, partially offset by the impact of lower LCFS prices.

Operating Expenses

General and Administrative Expenses. General and administrative expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $16.3 million, or 13%, to $143.0 million compared to $126.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily driven by an $11.9 million increase in payroll expenses due to higher compensation paid to employees during the year and the impact of increased average headcount compared to the same prior-year period, a $3.1 million increase in impairment expense due to increased write-offs of abandoned projects, and a $1.0 million increase in rent expense for pre-operational sites.

Depreciation, Amortization and Accretion. Depreciation, amortization and accretion expenses for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $3.0 million, or 17%, to $20.1 million compared to $17.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to higher amortization related to software.

Operating Loss and Operating Margin

During the year ended December 31, 2023, EVgo had an operating loss of $153.4 million, a deterioration of $3.9 million, or 3%, compared to an operating loss of $149.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Operating margin for the year ended December 31, 2023 was negative 95.3% compared to negative 273.9% for the year ended December 31, 2022 primarily due to improved leveraging of operating expenses and improved gross margins.

Interest Expense

There was no interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2023. For the year ended December 31, 2022, interest expense was de minimis.

Interest Income

Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2023 increased $5.3 million, or 118%, to $9.8 million compared to $4.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was a result of more cash and cash equivalents held in a high interest rate account by the Company during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year.

Other Expense, Net

Other expense, net, for the year ended December 31, 2023 was de minimis compared to $0.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The change was primarily due to decreased realized losses on the sale of investments compared to the prior year.

Changes in Fair Values of Earnout and Warrant Liabilities

The changes in fair values of earnout and warrant liabilities for the year ended December 31, 2023 were gains of $1.1 million and $7.2 million, respectively, compared to gains of $3.5 million and $36.2 million, respectively, for the year

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ended December 31, 2022. The change between years was primarily due to a smaller decrease in the fair value of the warrant and earnout liabilities during the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the prior year. See Part II, Item 8, “Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 12 — Fair Value Measurements” for more information.

Income Tax Expense

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, income tax expense was de minimis due to the full valuation allowance on the Company’s net deferred tax assets.

Net Loss

Net loss for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $135.5 million compared to $106.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increased loss was primarily due to $31.4 million in decreased gains from the change in the fair values of the earnout and warrant liabilities and $16.3 million in increased general and administrative expenses incurred to support growth, which were partially offset by a $15.4 million increase in gross profit and a $5.3 million increase in interest income.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

This Annual Report includes the following non-GAAP financial measures, in each case as defined below: “Adjusted Cost of Sales,” “Adjusted Cost of Sales as a Percentage of Revenue,” “Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss),” “Adjusted Gross Margin,” “Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses,” “Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as a Percentage of Revenue,” “EBITDA,” “EBITDA Margin,” “Adjusted EBITDA,” “Adjusted EBITDA Margin,” and “Capital Expenditures, Net of Capital Offsets.” With respect to Capital Expenditures, Net of Capital Offsets, pursuant to the terms of certain OEM contracts, EVgo is paid well in advance of when revenue can be recognized, and usually, the payment is tied to the number of stalls that commence operations under the applicable contractual arrangement while the related revenue is deferred at the time of payment and is recognized as revenue over time as EVgo provides charging and other services to the OEM and the OEM’s customers. EVgo management therefore uses these measures internally to establish forecasts, budgets, and operational goals to manage and monitor its business, including the cash used for, and the return on, its investment in its charging infrastructure. EVgo believes that these measures are useful to investors in evaluating EVgo’s performance and help to depict a meaningful representation of the performance of the underlying business, enabling EVgo to evaluate and plan more effectively for the future.

Adjusted Cost of Sales, Adjusted Cost of Sales as a Percentage of Revenue, Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss), Adjusted Gross Margin, Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses, Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as a Percentage of Revenue, EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted EBITDA Margin and Capital Expenditures, Net of Capital Offsets are not prepared in accordance with GAAP and may be different from non-GAAP financial measures used by other companies. These measures should not be considered as measures of financial performance under GAAP and the items excluded from or included in these metrics are significant components in understanding and assessing EVgo’s financial performance. These metrics should not be considered as alternatives to net income (loss) or any other performance measures derived in accordance with GAAP.

EVgo defines Adjusted Cost of Sales as cost of sales before: (i) depreciation, net of capital-build amortization, and (ii) share-based compensation. EVgo defines Adjusted Cost of Sales as a Percentage of Revenue as Adjusted Cost of Sales as a percentage of revenue. EVgo defines Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss) as revenue less Adjusted Cost of Sales. EVgo defines Adjusted Gross Margin as Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss) as a percentage of revenue. EVgo defines Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as general and administrative expenses before (i) share-based compensation, (ii) loss on disposal of property and equipment, net of insurance recoveries, and impairment expense, (iii) bad debt expense (recoveries), and (iv) certain other items that management believes are not indicative of EVgo’s ongoing performance. EVgo defines Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as a Percentage of Revenue as Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as a percentage of revenue. EVgo defines EBITDA as net income (loss) before (i) depreciation, net of capital-build amortization, (ii) amortization, (iii) accretion, (iv) interest income, (v) interest expense, and (vi) income tax expense. EVgo defines EBITDA Margin as EBITDA as a percentage of revenue. EVgo defines Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA plus (i) share-based compensation, (ii) loss on disposal of property and equipment, net of insurance recoveries, and impairment expense, (iii) loss on investments, (iv) bad debt expense (recoveries), (v) change in fair value of earnout liability, (vi) change in fair value of warrant liabilities, and (vii) certain other items that management believes are not indicative of EVgo’s ongoing performance. EVgo defines Adjusted EBITDA Margin as Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of revenue. EVgo defines Capital Expenditures, Net of Capital Offsets as capital expenditures adjusted for the following capital offsets: (i) all payments under OEM infrastructure agreements excluding any amounts directly attributable to OEM customer charging credit programs and pass-through of non-capital expense reimbursements, and (ii) proceeds from capital-build funding. The tables below present quantitative reconciliations of these measures to their most directly comparable GAAP measures as described in this paragraph.

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The following unaudited table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted Cost of Sales, Adjusted Cost of Sales as a Percentage of Revenue, Adjusted Gross Profit (Loss) and Adjusted Gross Margin to the most directly comparable GAAP measures:

The following unaudited table presents a reconciliation of Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses and Adjusted General and Administrative Expenses as a Percentage of Revenue to the most directly comparable GAAP measures:

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The following unaudited table presents a reconciliation of EBITDA, EBITDA Margin, Adjusted EBITDA, and Adjusted EBITDA Margin to the most directly comparable GAAP measure:

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The following unaudited table presents a reconciliation of Capital Expenditures, Net of Capital Offsets, to the most directly comparable GAAP measure:

Liquidity and Capital Resources

EVgo has a history of operating losses and negative operating cash flows. As of December 31, 2023, EVgo had $209.1 million of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash and working capital of $178.1 million. As of December 31, 2022, EVgo had $246.5 million of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash and working capital of $188.1 million. The Company’s net cash outflow for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $37.3 million. EVgo believes its cash and cash equivalents on hand as of December 31, 2023 is sufficient to meet EVgo’s current working capital and capital expenditure requirements for a period of at least twelve months from the filing date of this Annual Report.

To date, EVgo’s primary sources of liquidity have been cash flows from the CRIS Business Combination, revenues from its various revenue streams, government grants, proceeds from sales of EVgo’s Class A common stock, including under the ATM Program and an underwritten equity offering, and loans and equity contributions from its previous owners. EVgo’s primary cash requirements include operating expenses, satisfaction of commitments to various counterparties and suppliers and capital expenditures (including property and equipment). EVgo’s principal uses of cash in recent periods have been funding its operations and investing in capital expenditures, including the purchase of EV chargers for installation.

In July 2022, EVgo entered into the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and the Purchase Order with Delta, pursuant to which EVgo will purchase and Delta will sell EV chargers manufactured by Delta from time to time in specified quantities at certain delivery dates over a period of four years. EVgo is obligated to purchase at least 1,000 chargers (which will enable the construction of 2,000 stalls) pursuant to the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and the Purchase Order with the option, at EVgo’s election, to increase the number of chargers purchased to 1,100. EVgo is required to make full payment on such chargers within sixty (60) days of receipt. EVgo’s obligations under the Purchase Order are take-or-pay obligations; however, EVgo’s liability is capped at a maximum of the greater of $30.0 million or 50% of the value of any outstanding firm orders. EVgo entered into the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and Purchase Order in order to meet its obligations under the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement, other potential contractual commitments and its own needs and intends to fund the capital expenditure required under the Delta Charger Supply Agreement and Purchase Order with proceeds from the Pilot Infrastructure Agreement as well as cash and cash equivalents on hand.

The term of the Tax Receivable Agreement commenced upon the completion of the CRIS Business Combination and will continue until all tax benefits that are subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement have been utilized or expired and all required payments are made, unless the Tax Receivable Agreement is terminated early (including upon a change of control). The actual timing and amount of any payments that may be made under the Tax Receivable Agreement are unknown at this time and will vary based on a number of factors. However, the Company Group expects that the payments that it will be required to make to TRA Holders in connection with the Tax Receivable Agreement will be substantial. Any payments made by the Company Group to TRA Holders under the Tax Receivable Agreement will generally reduce the amount of cash that might have otherwise been available to EVgo or EVgo OpCo. To the extent EVgo OpCo has available cash and subject to the terms of any current or future debt or other agreements, the EVgo OpCo A&R LLC Agreement will require EVgo OpCo to make pro rata cash distributions to holders of EVgo OpCo Units, including Thunder Sub, in an amount sufficient to allow the Company Group to pay its taxes and to make payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement. EVgo generally expects EVgo OpCo to fund such distributions out of available cash. However, except in cases

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where the Company Group elects to terminate the Tax Receivable Agreement early, the Tax Receivable Agreement is terminated early due to certain mergers or other changes of control, or the Company Group has available cash but fails to make payments when due, generally the Company Group may elect to defer payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement if it does not have available cash to satisfy its payment obligations under the Tax Receivable Agreement or if its contractual obligations limit its ability to make these payments. Any such deferred payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement generally will accrue interest at the rate provided for in the Tax Receivable Agreement and such interest may significantly exceed the Company Group’s other costs of capital. In certain circumstances (including an early termination of the Tax Receivable Agreement due to a change of control or otherwise), payments under the Tax Receivable Agreement may be accelerated and/or significantly exceed the actual benefits, if any, the Company Group realizes in respect of the tax attributes subject to the Tax Receivable Agreement. In the case of such an acceleration in connection with a change of control, where applicable, EVgo generally expects the accelerated payments due under the Tax Receivable Agreement to be funded out of the proceeds of the change of control transaction giving rise to such acceleration, which could have a significant impact on EVgo’s ability to consummate a change of control or the proceeds received by EVgo’s stockholders in connection with a change of control. However, the Company Group may be required to fund such payment from other sources and as a result, any early termination of the Tax Receivable Agreement could have a substantial negative impact on EVgo’s liquidity or financial condition.

Cash Flows

The following table summarizes EVgo’s consolidated cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022:

Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared with Year Ended December 31, 2022

Operating Activities. Cash used in operating activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $37.1 million compared to cash used in operating activities of $58.8 million during the year ended December 31, 2022. This year-over-year change primarily reflected a $25.4 million increase in cash flows from its operations, a $25.2 million increase in cash flows from deferred revenue and a $2.0 million increase in cash flows from operating lease assets and liabilities, net, partially offset by a $15.3 million decrease in cash flows from accounts receivable, net, a $14.9 million decrease in cash flows from customer deposits, and a $1.5 million decrease in cash flows from receivables from related parties.

Investing Activities. Cash used in investing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $143.3 million, compared to $199.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The decrease was primarily driven by a $41.4 million decrease in capital expenditures and investments compared to the prior year, partially offset by $15.3 million in net proceeds received from sale-leaseback transactions during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Financing Activities. Cash provided by financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $143.0 million compared to $19.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was driven primarily by the receipt of $128.0 million in proceeds from the issuance of Class A common stock in the Company’s underwritten equity offering during 2023 and a $4.3 million increase in proceeds received from capital-build funding, partially offset by $4.8 million decrease in proceeds from the issuance of Class A common stock under the Company’s ATM Program and a $4.1 million increase in equity issuance costs during the year ended December 31, 2023.

Working Capital. EVgo’s working capital as of December 31, 2023 was $178.1 million, compared to $188.1 million as of December 31, 2022. The decrease was driven primarily by a $37.0 million decrease in the Company’s cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash, a $7.1 million increase in deferred revenue, current, and a $1.3 million increase in accrued liabilities, partially offset by a $23.8 million increase in accounts receivable, net, an $8.6 million decrease in customer deposits, and a $3.9 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets.

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Contractual Obligations and Commitments. EVgo has material cash requirements for known contractual obligations and commitments in the form of operating leases, purchase commitments and certain other liabilities that are disclosed in Part II, Item 8, “Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 11 — Commitments and Contingencies” and discussed below. EVgo generally expects to fund these obligations through its existing cash and cash equivalents and future financing or cash flows from operations.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

The discussion and analysis of EVgo’s financial condition and results of operations is based upon EVgo’s consolidated financial statements, which have been prepared in accordance with GAAP. The preparation of EVgo’s financial statements requires the Company to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities, income and expenses and related disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities. Management bases these estimates on its historical experience and various other assumptions that it believes to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results experienced may vary materially and adversely from EVgo’s estimates. Revisions to estimates are recognized prospectively. For more information See “Part II, Item 8. Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” for additional description of the significant accounting policies that have been followed in preparing EVgo’s consolidated financial statements.

The accounting policies described below are those EVgo considers to be the most critical to an understanding of its financial condition and results of operations and that require the most complex and subjective management judgment. EVgo considers its critical accounting estimates to be those related to its revenue recognition, business combinations and warrant liability, which are described below.

Revenue Recognition

EVgo recognizes revenue in accordance with ASC 606. Recording revenue may require judgment, including determining whether an arrangement includes multiple performance obligations, whether any of those obligations are distinct and cannot be combined and allocation of the transaction price to each performance obligation based on the relative standalone selling prices (“SSP”). Revenue for performance obligations can be recognized over time or at a point in time depending on the nature of the performance obligation. Changes to the elements in an arrangement or, in EVgo’s determination, to the relative SSP for these elements, could materially affect the amount of earned and unearned revenue reflected in its consolidated financial statements.

Understanding the complex terms of some of EVgo’s agreements and determining the appropriate time, amount and method under which the Company should recognize revenue for the related transactions requires significant judgment. The Company exercises judgment in determining which promises in a contract constitute performance obligations rather than set-up activities. The Company determines which activities under a contract transfer a good or service to a customer rather than activities that are required to fulfill a contract but do not transfer control of a good or service to the customer. Determining whether obligations in a contract are considered distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately or as a single performance obligation requires significant judgment. In reaching its conclusion, the Company assesses the nature of each individual service offering and how the services are provided in the context of the contract, including whether the services are significantly integrated which may require judgment based on the facts and circumstances of the contract. The Company does not disclose the transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations for (i) contracts for which the Company recognizes revenue at the amount to which it has the right to invoice and (ii) contracts with variable consideration allocated entirely to a single performance obligation. The Company’s remaining performance obligations under these contracts include providing charging services, branding services, and maintenance services which will generally be recognized over the contract term. The Company’s customer contracts may include variable consideration such as that due to the unknown number of users that will receive charging credits or an unknown number of sites that will receive maintenance services. For such variable consideration, the Company has determined it is not necessary to estimate variable consideration as the uncertainty resolves itself monthly in accordance with the contracts’ revenue recognition pattern. The timing and amount of revenue recognition in a period could vary if different judgments were made. The Company may also estimate variable consideration under the expected value method or the most likely amount method.

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Additionally, where there are multiple performance obligations, judgment is required to determine revenue for each distinct performance obligation. Determining the relative SSP for contracts that contain multiple performance obligations requires significant judgment to appropriately determine the suitable method for estimating the SSP. EVgo determines SSP using observable pricing when available, which takes into consideration market conditions and customer specific factors.

At contract inception, EVgo determines whether EVgo satisfies the performance obligation over time or at a point in time. Revenues from charging — OEM are primarily recognized ratably over time or as fee-bearing usage occurs. Revenues from charging — retail, charging — commercial and LCFS are usage-based services and recognized over time or at a point in time upon the delivery of the charging products or services. eXtend and ancillary revenues are recognized over time based on a time-based or cost-based approach or at a point in time as performance obligations are satisfied.

Impairment of Goodwill and Other Identified Intangible Assets

The Company has one reporting unit and performs its annual goodwill impairment testing on October 1 each year. In assessing the possibility that a reporting unit’s fair value has been reduced below its carrying amount due to the occurrence of events or circumstances between annual impairment testing dates, the Company considers all available evidence, including (i) the results of impairment testing from the most recent testing date (in particular, the magnitude of the excess of fair value over carrying value observed), (ii) downward revisions to internal forecasts, decreases in market multiples (and the magnitude thereof) or changes to interest rates, if any, and (iii) declines in market capitalization below book value (and the magnitude and duration of those declines), if any.

The Company determines fair value using the market approach, when available and appropriate, or the income approach, or a combination of both and assesses the valuation methodology based upon the relevance and availability of the data at the time the valuation is performed. If multiple valuation methodologies are used, the results are weighted appropriately.

Valuations using the market approach are derived from metrics of publicly traded companies or historically completed transactions of comparable businesses. The selection of comparable businesses is based on the markets in which the Company operates giving consideration to risk profiles, size, geography, and diversity of products and services. A market approach is used if there are publicly traded companies that have characteristics similar to EVgo’s business.

Under the income approach, fair value is determined based on the present value of estimated future cash flows, discounted at an appropriate risk-adjusted rate. The Company uses its internal forecasts to estimate future cash flows and includes an estimate of long-term future growth rates based on the most recent views of the long-term outlook for the business. Discount rates are derived using a capital asset pricing model and analyzing published rates for relevant industries to estimate the cost of equity financing. The discount rates used are commensurate with the risks and uncertainty inherent in EVgo’s business and in its internally developed forecasts.

Estimating the fair value of the reporting unit requires the use of significant judgments that are based on a number of factors including actual operating results, internal forecasts, market observable pricing multiples of similar businesses and comparable transactions, possible control premiums, determining the appropriate discount rate and long-term growth rate assumptions, and, if multiple approaches are being used, determining the appropriate weighting applied to each approach. It is reasonably possible that the judgments and estimates described above could change in future periods.

The Company reviews identified intangible assets with defined useful lives and subject to amortization for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the related carrying amounts may not be recoverable. Determining whether an impairment loss has occurred requires the use of internal forecasts to estimate future cash flows and the useful life over which these cash flows will occur. To determine fair value, the Company uses its internal cash flow estimates discounted at an appropriate discount rate.

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Warrant Liabilities

EVgo accounts for warrants as either equity-classified or liability-classified instruments based on an assessment of the warrant’s specific terms and applicable authoritative guidance in ASC Topic 480, “Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity” (“ASC 480”) and ASC Topic 815, “Derivatives and Hedging” (“ASC 815”). The assessment considers whether the warrants are freestanding financial instruments pursuant to ASC 480, meet the definition of a liability pursuant to ASC 480 and whether the warrants meet all of the requirements for equity classification under ASC 815, including whether the warrants are indexed to EVgo’s common stock and whether the warrant holders could potentially require “net cash settlement” in a circumstance outside of EVgo’s control, among other conditions for equity classification. This assessment, which requires the use of professional judgment, is conducted at the time of warrant issuance and as of each subsequent quarterly period end-date while the warrants are outstanding.

For issued or modified warrants that meet all of the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as a component of additional paid-in capital at the time of issuance. For issued or modified warrants that do not meet all the criteria for equity classification, the warrants are required to be recorded as liabilities at their initial fair value on the date of issuance and remeasured to fair value at each balance sheet date thereafter. Changes in the estimated fair value of the warrants are recognized in “changes in fair value of warrant liabilities” in the consolidated statements of operations. The fair value of the Private Placement Warrants on the date of issuance and on each measurement date is estimated by reference to the trading price of the public warrants, which is considered a Level 2 fair value measurement, or using a Monte Carlo simulation methodology, which is considered a Level 3 fair value measurement and includes inputs such as EVgo’s stock price, the risk-free interest rate, the expected term, the expected volatility, the dividend rate, the exercise price and the number of Private Placement Warrants outstanding. Assumptions used in the Monte Carlo model are subjective and require significant judgment.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

For a discussion of EVgo’s new or recently adopted accounting pronouncements, see Part II, Item 8, “Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data — Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” as of and for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

JOBS Act

On April 5, 2012, the JOBS Act was signed into law. The JOBS Act includes provisions that, among other things, relax certain reporting requirements for qualifying public companies. Following the CRIS Business Combination, EVgo has qualified as an “emerging growth company” (“EGC”) under the JOBS Act and, as a result, is permitted to comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements based on the effective date for private (i.e., not publicly traded) companies. EVgo elected to delay the adoption of new or revised accounting standards and as a result, EVgo may not comply with new or revised accounting standards on the relevant dates on which adoption of such standards is required for non-emerging growth companies. As a result, EVgo’s financial statements may not be comparable to companies that comply with new or revised accounting pronouncements as of public company effective dates.

As an EGC, EVgo is not required to, among other things, (a) provide an auditor’s attestation report on EVgo’s system of internal control over financial reporting, (b) provide all of the compensation disclosure that may be required of non-EGC public companies, (c) comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (auditor discussion and analysis) and (d) disclose comparisons of the chief executive officer’s compensation to median employee compensation. These exemptions will apply for a period of five years following the completion of the Initial Public Offering or until EVgo otherwise no longer qualifies as an EGC.

Additionally, following the CRIS Business Combination, EVgo has qualified as a “smaller reporting company” as defined under the Exchange Act. EVgo may continue to be a smaller reporting company so long as either (i) the market value of shares of its common stock held by non-affiliates is less than $250 million or (ii) its annual revenue was less than $100 million during the most recently completed fiscal year and the market value of shares of its common stock held by

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non-affiliates is less than $700 million. If EVgo is a smaller reporting company at the time it ceases to be an EGC, EVgo may continue to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are available to smaller reporting companies. Specifically, as a smaller reporting company, EVgo may choose to present only the two most recent fiscal years of audited financial statements in its Annual Report on Form 10-K and has reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation and, similar to EGCs, if EVgo is a smaller reporting company under the requirements of (ii) above, EVgo would not be required to obtain an attestation report on internal control over financial reporting issued by its independent registered public accounting firm.

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