ENTRAVISION COMMUNICATIONS CORP (EVC) FY 2023 MD&A

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion of our consolidated results of operations and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021 and consolidated financial condition as of December 31, 2023 and 2022 should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report on Form 10-K.

The discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for 2023 compared to 2022 appears below. As permitted by SEC rules, we have omitted the discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations for 2022 compared to 2021. See Item 7, “Management’s Discussions and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2022, for this discussion.

OVERVIEW

See "Item 1. Business" for an overview of our business, the industry in which we operate, certain industry trends and important recent business developments.

2023 Highlights

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our consolidated revenue surpassed $1.0 billion for the first time, driven primarily by growth in our digital segment;

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we hired Michael Christenson as Chief Executive Officer in July;

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we entered into new digital partnerships with Pinterest and Snap, in part to diversify our portfolio of digital commercial partners;

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we acquired BCNMonetize, a global mobile app marketing solutions company:

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we designed and began to implement a strategy to maximize political advertising revenue in the 2024 election cycle, including making a significant investment in our sales teams and enhancing local news programming; and

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we entered into $275 million Credit Facility.

Acquisitions and Dispositions

See Notes 3 and 10 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for details.

Recent Developments

Through Entravision Global Partners, our digital commercial partnerships business, we act as an intermediary between primarily global media companies and advertisers. These global media companies include Meta, for whom the Company acts as an ASP, ByteDance, X Corp., Spotify, Snap and Pinterest, as well as other media companies, in 31 countries worldwide.

On March 4, 2024, we received a communication from Meta that it intends to wind down its ASP program globally and end its relationship with all of its ASPs, including us, by July 1, 2024. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, ASP revenue from Meta represented approximately 53% and 49%, respectively, of the Company’s consolidated revenue and 63% and 63%, respectively, of the Company’s digital segment revenue. We are currently evaluating the overall impact of Meta’s decision on our digital advertising business, but expect that our consolidated and digital segment revenue and cash flow from operations will be materially and adversely affected in future periods as a result of the planned termination of such program by Meta. We have initiated a review of our operating strategy and cost structure, but such plans may not be sufficient or timely enough to offset the expected loss of revenue, and therefore may also adversely affect liquidity in future periods.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Separate financial data for each of the Company’s operating segments is provided below. Segment operating profit (loss) is defined as operating profit (loss) before corporate expenses, change in fair value of contingent consideration, impairment charge, other operating (gain) loss, and foreign currency (gain) loss. The Company evaluates the performance of its operating segments based on the following (in thousands):

* Percentage not meaningful.

(1)
For a definition of consolidated EBITDA, please see Liquidity and Capital Resources discussion below.

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Consolidated EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure. The most directly comparable GAAP financial measure to consolidated EBITDA is cash flows from operating activities. A reconciliation of this non-GAAP measure to cash flows from operating activities follows (in thousands):

(1)
For a definition of consolidated EBITDA, please see Liquidity and Capital Resources discussion below.

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Year Ended December 31, 2023 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2022

Consolidated Operations

Net Revenue. Net revenue increased to $1,106.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $956.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily attributable to an increase in advertising revenue from our digital commercial partnerships business and from various acquisitions, which did not fully contribute to our financial results in the comparable prior period. The increase was partially offset by a decrease in political advertising revenue in our television and audio segments.

Cost of revenue-Digital. Cost of revenue increased to $800.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $623.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the increase in digital advertising revenue.

Direct Operating Expenses. Direct operating expenses increased to $128.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $122.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily attributable to our digital segment, primarily due to an increase in expenses associated with the increase in digital advertising revenue, and an increase in non-cash stock-based compensation.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses increased to $92.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $75.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily attributable to our digital segment, primarily due to an increase in salary expense, and due to various acquisitions, which did not fully contribute to our financial results in our digital segment in the comparable prior period.

Corporate Expenses. Corporate expenses increased to $50.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $49.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to increases in professional service fees, audit fees and rent expense, partially offset by a decrease in severance expense incurred in 2022 upon the passing of our former Chief Executive Officer, and due to a decrease in bonus expense.

Depreciation and Amortization. Depreciation and amortization increased to $28.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $25.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily attributable to amortization of the intangible assets from our recent acquisitions.

Change in fair value of contingent consideration. As a result of the change in fair value of the contingent consideration related to our various acquisitions, we recognized income of $2.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and incurred an expense of $14.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Impairment. We incurred an impairment charge of $12.3 million related to certain FCC licenses in our audio segment, and an impairment charge of $1.0 million, due to a termination of an agreement with a media company for which we act as commercial partner in our digital segment. We incurred an impairment charge of $1.6 million related to certain FCC licenses in our television and audio segments for the year ended December 31, 2022.

Foreign currency loss. We had a foreign currency loss of $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to a foreign currency loss of $3.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. Foreign currency gains and losses are primarily due to currency fluctuations that affect our digital segment operations located outside the United States.

Other operating (gain) loss. We had other operating loss of $0.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, primarily due to the sale of 365 Digital in our digital segment (see Note 10 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements), partially offset by gain on assets previously held for sale in our audio segment.

Interest Expense, net. Interest expense, net increased to $12.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $8.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase was primarily due to a higher interest rate on our debt, partially offset by interest income on our available for sale securities.

Gain (loss) on debt extinguishment. We recorded a loss on debt extinguishment of $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 due to the refinancing of our previous credit facility (the "2017 Credit Facility") with our 2023 Credit Facility.

Realized gain (loss) on marketable securities. We recorded a realized loss on marketable securities of $0.1 million and $0.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively.

Income Tax Expense or Benefit. Income tax benefit for the year ended December 31, 2023 was $2.8 million. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2023 was different from our statutory rate due to foreign and state taxes, changes in valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, non deductible executive compensation, changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability, and non-taxable non-territorial income. Income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2022 was $11.6 million. The effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2022 was different from our statutory rate due to foreign and state taxes, changes in valuation allowances on deferred tax assets, non deductible executive compensation, changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration liability, and non-taxable non-territorial income.

The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (“OECD”) Pillar 2 guidelines address the increasing digitalization of the global economy, re-allocating taxing rights among countries. The OECD, many other member states and various

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other governments have adopted, or are in the process of adopting, Pillar 2 which calls for a global minimum tax of 15% to be effective for tax years beginning in 2024. The OECD guidelines published to date include transition and safe harbor rules around the implementation of the Pillar 2 global minimum tax. The Company is monitoring developments and evaluating the impacts these new rules will have on its tax rate, including eligibility to qualify for these safe harbor rules.

Segment Operations

Digital

Net Revenue. Net revenue in our digital segment increased to $932.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $747.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. The increase was primarily due to an increase in advertising revenue from our digital commercial partnerships business, and due to various acquisitions, which did not fully contribute to our financial results in our digital segment in the comparable prior period, as more fully described in Note 3 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cost of revenue. Cost of revenue in our digital segment increased to $800.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $623.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to the increase in advertising revenue.

We have previously noted a trend in our digital operations globally whereby revenue is shifting more to programmatic revenue. As a result, advertisers are demanding more efficiency and lower cost from intermediaries like us. In response to this trend, we have been offering our programmatic purchasing platform, Smadex, to advertisers. We are also experiencing lower margins related to revenue generated from our Entravision Global Partners business, as a result of relative negotiating strength and industry trends generally. We expect these trends will continue in future periods, likely further resulting in a more pronounced lower margin business in our digital segment. For example, beginning in the second half of 2023, we have begun receiving a lower rate of payment on our sales made on behalf of Meta, resulting in further lower margins. The digital advertising industry remains dynamic and is continuing to undergo rapid changes in technology, customer expectation and competition. We expect this trend to continue and possibly accelerate. We must continue to remain vigilant to meet these dynamic and rapid changes including the need to further adjust our business strategies accordingly. No assurances can be given that such strategies will be successful.

Direct operating expenses. Direct operating expenses in our digital segment increased to $37.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $32.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in expenses associated with the increase in digital advertising revenue, and an increase in non-cash stock-based compensation.

Selling, general and administrative expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses in our digital segment increased to $57.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $41.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in salary expense, and due to various acquisitions, which did not fully contribute to our financial results in our digital segment in the comparable prior period.

Television

Net Revenue. Net revenue in our television segment decreased to $120.9 million in 2023, from $144.7 million in 2022, primarily due to decreases in political advertising revenue and national advertising revenue, partially offset by increases in local advertising revenue, spectrum usage rights revenue and retransmission consent revenue.

In general, our television segment faces declining audiences, which we believe is present across the industry, competitive factors with the other major Spanish-language broadcasters, and changing demographics and preferences of audiences, particularly younger audiences, in terms of the media they prefer to view, including streaming and social media. We anticipate that these changes in viewer habits will persist at least for the foreseeable future and possibly permanently. Additionally, notwithstanding the increase in local advertising revenue, we have previously noted a trend for advertising to move increasingly from traditional media, such as television, to new media, such as digital media, and we expect this trend will also continue.

Direct Operating Expenses. Direct operating expenses in our television segment decreased to $60.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $61.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a decrease in expenses associated with the decrease in advertising revenue, partially offset by an increase in non-cash stock-based compensation.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses in our television segment decreased to $20.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $20.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to a decrease in bad debt expense.

Audio

Net Revenue. Net revenue in our audio segment decreased to $53.2 million in 2023, from $64.4 million in 2022, primarily due to a decrease in political advertising revenue, and decreases in local and national advertising revenue.

In general, our audio segment faces declining audiences, which we believe is present across the industry, competitive factors with other major Spanish-language broadcasters, and changing demographics and preferences of listening audiences, particularly

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younger audiences, including podcasts and other streaming services. We anticipate that these changes in listener habits will persist at least for at least for the foreseeable future and possibly permanently. Additionally, we have previously noted a trend for advertising to move increasingly from traditional media, such as radio, to new media, such as digital media, and we expect this trend will also continue. While we believe that none of these new technologies and services can completely replace local broadcast radio stations due to the element of localism that broadcast radio offers, the challenges we face in our radio operations from new technologies and services will continue to require attention from management.

Direct Operating Expenses. Direct operating expenses in our audio segment increased to $29.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $28.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase in non-cash stock-based compensation, and due to an increase in salaries.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses. Selling, general and administrative expenses in our audio segment increased to $13.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from $12.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, primarily due to increased rent expense in temporary office space until the move to our new permanent offices, which was completed in June 2023.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

While we have a history of operating losses in some periods and operating income in other periods, we also have a history of generating significant positive cash flows from our operations. We had net loss attributable to common stockholders of $15.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, and net income attributable to common stockholders of $18.1 million and $29.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2022 and 2021, respectively. We had positive cash flow from operations of $75.2 million, $78.9 million and $65.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. For at least the next twelve months, we expect to fund our working capital requirements, capital expenditures and payments of principal and interest on outstanding indebtedness, with cash on hand and cash flows from operations.

We currently believe that our cash position is capable of meeting our operating and capital expenses and debt service requirements for at least the next twelve months from the issuance of this report. We believe that our position is strengthened by cash and cash equivalents on hand, in the amount of $105.7 million, and available for sale marketable securities in the additional amount of $13.2 million, as of December 31, 2023.

On March 4, 2024, we received a communication from Meta that it intends to wind down its ASP program globally and end its relationship with all of its ASPs, including us, by July 1, 2024. This decision by Meta will have a material impact on our digital operations, and we have initiated an evaluation of the impact of this decision, including a review of our operating strategy and cost structure. To the extent that our current liquidity is insufficient to fund future activities, or we do not remain in compliance with our financial covenants under the 2023 Credit Agreement, we may be required to seek additional equity or debt financing in the future to satisfy capital requirements in response to these adverse developments or other changes in our circumstance or unforeseen events or conditions.

Our liquidity is not materially affected by the amounts held in accounts outside the United States. The majority of our cash and cash equivalents is held outside the United States, primarily in Uruguay, Spain and Singapore, none of which countries have foreign currency controls. We hold smaller amounts of cash in certain countries that do have foreign currency controls, including Argentina, Brazil, India and Pakistan, which could impact our ability to freely repatriate such funds from those countries to the United States.

Credit Facility

On March 17, 2023, we entered into the 2023 Credit Facility, pursuant to the 2023 Credit Agreement, by and among us, Bank of America, N.A., as Administrative Agent, and the other financial institutions party thereto as Lenders (collectively, the “Lenders” and individually each a “Lender”). The 2023 Credit Agreement amended, restated and replaced in its entirety our previous credit agreement (the "2017 Credit Agreement").

As provided for in the 2023 Credit Agreement, our 2023 Credit Facility consists of (i) a $200.0 million senior secured Term A Facility, which was drawn in full, and (ii) a $75.0 million Revolving Credit Facility (the “Revolving Credit Facility”), of which $11.5 million was drawn at the closing. In addition, the 2023 Credit Agreement provides that we may increase the aggregate principal amount of our 2023 Credit Facility by an additional amount equal to $100.0 million plus the amount that would result in our first lien net leverage ratio (as such term is used in the 2023 Credit Agreement) not exceeding 2.25 to 1.0, subject to our satisfying certain conditions.

Borrowings under our 2023 Credit Facility were used (a) to repay in full all of our and our subsidiaries' then outstanding obligations under the 2017 Credit Agreement, (b) to pay fees and expenses in connection with the 2017 Credit Facility and to terminate the 2017 Credit Agreement and (c) for general corporate purposes. The 2023 Credit Facility matures on March 17, 2028 (the “Maturity Date”).

The 2023 Credit Facility is guaranteed on a senior secured basis by certain of our existing and future wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries, and secured on a first priority basis by our and those subsidiaries’ assets.

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Our borrowings under the 2023 Credit Facility bear interest on the outstanding principal amount thereof from the date when made at a rate per annum equal to either: (i) the Term SOFR (as defined in the 2023 Credit Agreement) plus a margin between 2.50% and 3.00%, depending on the Total Net Leverage Ratio (as defined in the 2023 Credit Agreement) or (ii) the Base Rate (as defined in the 2023 Credit Agreement) plus a margin between 1.50% and 2.00%, depending on the Total Net Leverage Ratio. In addition, the unused portion of the Revolving Credit Facility is subject to a rate per annum between 0.30% and 0.40%, depending on the Total Net Leverage Ratio.

As of December 31, 2023, the interest rate on our Term A Facility and the drawn portion of the Revolving Credit Facility was 8.21%.

For more information, see Item 1A, "Risk Factors", Note 9 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, and the 2023 Credit Agreement itself, which is filed as exhibits to this report.

Share Repurchase Program

On March 1, 2022, our Board of Directors approved a share repurchase program of up to $20 million of our Class A common stock. Under this share repurchase program, we are authorized to purchase shares of our Class A common stock from time to time through open market purchases or negotiated purchases, subject to market conditions and other factors.

We did not repurchase any shares of our Class A common stock during 2023. As of December 31, 2023, we have repurchased a total of 1.8 million shares of our Class A common stock under the current share repurchase program for an aggregate purchase price of $11.3 million, or an average price per share of $6.43. All such repurchased shares were retired as of December 31, 2023.

Consolidated EBITDA

Consolidated EBITDA means net income (loss) plus gain (loss) on sale of assets, depreciation and amortization, non-cash impairment charge, non-cash stock-based compensation included in operating and corporate expenses, net interest expense, other operating gain (loss), gain (loss) on debt extinguishment, income tax (expense) benefit, equity in net income (loss) of nonconsolidated affiliate, non-cash losses, syndication programming amortization less syndication programming payments, revenue from the Federal Communications Commission, or FCC, spectrum incentive auction less related expenses, expenses associated with investments, EBITDA attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest, acquisitions and dispositions and certain pro-forma cost savings. We use the term consolidated EBITDA because that measure is defined in both the 2017 Credit Agreement and the 2023 Credit Agreement, and does not include gain (loss) on sale of assets, depreciation and amortization, non-cash impairment charge, non-cash stock-based compensation, net interest expense, other income (loss), gain (loss) on debt extinguishment, income tax (expense) benefit, equity in net income (loss) of nonconsolidated affiliate, non-cash losses, syndication programming amortization less syndication programming payments, revenue from FCC spectrum incentive auction less related expenses, expenses associated with investments, EBITDA attributable to redeemable noncontrolling interest, acquisitions and dispositions and certain pro-forma cost savings.

Because consolidated EBITDA is a measure governing several critical aspects of our 2023 Credit Facility, and since our ability to borrow under our Revolving Credit Facility is subject to compliance with a consolidated EBITDA financial covenant, we believe that it is important to disclose consolidated EBITDA to our investors. Our 2023 Credit Facility contains a total net leverage ratio financial covenant. The total net leverage ratio, or the ratio of consolidated total debt (net of up to $50.0 million of unrestricted cash) to trailing-twelve-month consolidated EBITDA, affects both our ability to borrow from our Revolving Credit Facility and our applicable margin for the interest rate calculation. Under our 2023 Credit Agreement, our maximum total leverage ratio may not to exceed 3.25 to 1.00. In addition, our 2023 Credit Agreement contains interest coverage ratio financial covenant (calculated as set forth in the 2023 Credit Agreement), with a minimum permitted ratio of 3.00 to 1.00.

While many in the financial community and we consider consolidated EBITDA to be important, it should be considered in addition to, but not as a substitute for or superior to, other measures of liquidity and financial performance prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, such as cash flows from operating activities, operating income (loss) and net income (loss). Consolidated EBITDA has certain limitations because it excludes and includes several important financial line items as noted above. Therefore, we consider both non-GAAP and GAAP measures when evaluating our business. Consolidated EBITDA is also used to make executive compensation decisions.

Consolidated EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure. For a reconciliation of consolidated EBITDA to cash flows from operating activities, its most directly comparable U.S. GAAP financial measure, please see page 26.

Cash Flow

Net cash flow provided by operating activities was $75.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash flow provided by operating activities of $78.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. We had net loss of $15.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, which included non-cash items such as deferred income taxes of $11.0 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $28.0 million, non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $23.7 million, change in fair value of contingent consideration of $2.5 million, loss on debt extinguishment of $1.6 million, and impairment charge of $13.3 million. We had net income of $20.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, which included non-cash items such as deferred income taxes

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of $3.7 million, depreciation and amortization expense of $25.7 million, non-cash stock-based compensation expense of $20.0 million, change in fair value of contingent consideration of $14.2 million, and impairment charge of $1.6 million. We expect to have positive cash flow from operating activities for the 2024 year.

Net cash flow used in investing activities was $16.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash flow used in investing activities of $60.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we spent $11.4 million on purchases of marketable securities and $27.3 million in net capital expenditures, made a loan of $13.6 million, spent $6.9 million on purchase of businesses, and received $43.3 million from the sale of marketable securities. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we spent $106.4 million on purchases of marketable securities, spent $11.5 million in net capital expenditures, spent $5.2 million on investments in VIEs, net of cash consolidated, received $59.8 million from the sale of marketable securities, and received $2.7 million from the sale of assets. We anticipate that our capital expenditures will be approximately $6.0 million during the full year 2024. The amount of our anticipated capital expenditures may change based on future changes in business plans and our financial condition and general economic conditions. We expect to fund capital expenditures with cash on hand and net cash flow from operations.

Net cash flow used in financing activities was $64.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to net cash flow used in financing activities of $92.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2022. During the year ended December 31, 2023, we made debt payments of $215.7 million, dividend payments of $17.6 million, distributions to noncontrolling interest of $3.4 million, payments of contingent consideration of $35.1 million, payments of $1.8 million of debt issuance costs, payments for taxes related to shares withheld for share-based compensation plans of $4.1 million, and received $213.1 million proceeds from borrowings on debt and $0.6 million related to the issuance of common stock upon the exercise of stock options. During the year ended December 31, 2022, we made payments of contingent consideration of $65.3 million, dividend payments of $8.5 million, debt payments of $3.3 million, payments for taxes related to shares withheld for share-based compensation plans of $4.5 million, spent $11.3 million for the repurchase of Class A common stock, and received $0.2 million related to the issuance of common stock upon the exercise of stock options.

Credit Risk

We have credit risk in our digital segment insofar as we are required to pay the media companies for which we act as commercial partner for all inventory purchased regardless of whether we are able to collect on a transaction from the local advertiser. We believe that we manage this credit risk effectively, in part by analyzing the creditworthiness of these customers; however, we can give no assurance that this will continue to be the case in future periods.

Additionally, we have been dependent upon one single global media company, Meta, for the majority of our consolidated revenue, which amounted to approximately 53%, 49% and 55% of our consolidated revenue for the years ended December 31, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. On March 4, 2024, we received a communication from Meta that it intends to wind down its ASP program globally and end its relationship with all of its ASPs, including us, by July 1, 2024. The loss of all or a substantial part of this revenue will have a significant adverse effect on our cash flow and liquidity.

Commitments and Contractual Obligations

Our material contractual obligations at December 31, 2023 which are not reflected as liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets include media research and ratings providers, to provide television and radio audience measurement services, of approximately $41.6 million, and other amounts consist primarily of obligations for software licenses utilized by our sales team of approximately $8.0 million.

We have also entered into employment agreements with certain of our key employees, including Michael Christenson, Christopher T. Young, Jeffery A. Liberman, Karl Meyer, and Juan Saldivar.

Other than the foregoing commitments, legal contingencies incurred in the normal course of business and employment contracts for key employees, we do not have any off-balance sheet financing arrangements or liabilities. We do not have any majority-owned subsidiaries or any interests in or relationships with any variable-interest entities that are not included in our consolidated financial statements.

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Application of Critical Accounting Policies and Accounting Estimates

Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are the most important to the accurate portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations. Critical accounting policies require management’s subjective judgment and may produce materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We have discussed the development and selection of these critical accounting policies with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors, and the Audit Committee has reviewed and approved our related disclosure in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Goodwill

We believe that the accounting estimates related to the fair value of our reporting units and indefinite life intangible assets and our estimates of the useful lives of our long-lived assets are “critical accounting estimates” because: (1) goodwill and other intangible assets are our most significant assets, and (2) the impact that recognizing an impairment would have on the assets reported on our balance sheet, as well as on our results of operations, could be material. Accordingly, the assumptions about future cash flows on the assets under evaluation are critical.

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net tangible and identifiable intangible assets acquired in each business combination. We test our goodwill and other indefinite-lived intangible assets for impairment annually on October 1, or more frequently if certain events or certain changes in circumstances indicate they may be impaired. In assessing the recoverability of goodwill and indefinite life intangible assets, we must make a series of assumptions about such things as the estimated future cash flows and other factors to determine the fair value of these assets.

In testing the goodwill of our reporting units for impairment, we first determine, based on a qualitative assessment, whether it is more likely than not that the fair value of each of our reporting units is less than their respective carrying amounts. We have determined that each of our operating segments is a reporting unit.

If it is deemed more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than the carrying value based on this initial assessment, the next step is a quantitative comparison of the fair value of the reporting unit to its carrying amount. If a reporting unit’s estimated fair value is equal to or greater than that reporting unit’s carrying value, no impairment of goodwill exists and the testing is complete. If the reporting unit’s carrying amount is greater than the estimated fair value, then an impairment loss is recorded for the amount of the difference.

When a quantitative analysis is performed, the estimated fair value of goodwill is determined by using a combination of a market approach and an income approach. The market approach estimates fair value by applying sales, earnings and cash flow multiples to each reporting unit’s operating performance. The multiples are derived from comparable publicly-traded companies with similar operating and investment characteristics to our reporting units. The market approach requires us to make a series of assumptions, such as selecting comparable companies and comparable transactions and transaction premiums. The current economic conditions have led to a decrease in the number of comparable transactions, which makes the market approach of comparable transactions and transaction premiums more difficult to estimate than in previous years.

The income approach estimates fair value based on our estimated future cash flows of each reporting unit, discounted by an estimated weighted-average cost of capital that reflects current market conditions, which reflect the overall level of inherent risk of that reporting unit. The income approach also requires us to make a series of assumptions, such as discount rates, revenue projections, profit margin projections and terminal value multiples. We estimated our discount rates on a blended rate of return considering both debt and equity for comparable publicly-traded companies in the television, radio and digital media industries. These comparable publicly-traded companies have similar size, operating characteristics and/or financial profiles to us. We also estimated the terminal value multiple based on comparable publicly-traded companies in the television, radio and digital media industries. We estimated our revenue projections and profit margin projections based on internal forecasts about future performance.

We conducted our annual review of the fair value of the digital reporting unit. As of the annual goodwill testing date, October 1, 2023, there was $50.1 million of goodwill in the digital reporting unit. Based on the assumptions and estimates as described above, the fair value of the digital reporting unit exceeded its carrying value by 28%, resulting in no impairment charge for the year ended December 31, 2023. The calculation of the fair value of the digital reporting unit requires estimates of the discount rate and the long term projected growth rate. If that discount rate were to increase by 0.5%, the fair value of the digital reporting unit would decrease by 2%. If the long term projected growth rate were to decrease by 1%, the fair value of the digital reporting unit would decrease by 1%.

As discussed in Note 19 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, on March 4, 2024, we received a communication from Meta that it intends to wind down its ASP program globally and end its relationship with all of its ASPs, including us, by July 1, 2024. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, ASP revenue from Meta represented approximately 53% and 49%, respectively, of our consolidated revenue, and 63% and 63%, respectively, of our digital segment revenue. As a result of this significant loss of revenue in our digital segment, we are in the process of evaluating the potential impact of this subsequent event and expect there is a reasonable possibility that there will be a material change to the value of this asset.

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Indefinite Life Intangible Assets

We believe that our broadcast licenses are indefinite life intangible assets. An intangible asset is determined to have an indefinite useful life when there are no legal, regulatory, contractual, competitive, economic or any other significant factors that may limit the period over which the asset is expected to contribute directly or indirectly to future cash flows. The evaluation of impairment for indefinite life intangible assets is performed by a comparison of the asset’s carrying value to the asset’s fair value. When the carrying value exceeds fair value, an impairment charge is recorded for the amount of the difference. The unit of accounting used to test broadcast licenses represents all licenses owned and operated within an individual market cluster, because such licenses are used together, are complementary to each other and are representative of the best use of those assets. Our individual market clusters consist of cities or nearby cities. We test our broadcasting licenses for impairment based on certain assumptions about these market clusters.

The estimated fair value of indefinite life intangible assets is determined by using an income approach. The income approach estimates fair value based on the estimated future cash flows of each market cluster that a hypothetical buyer would expect to generate, discounted by an estimated weighted-average cost of capital that reflects current market conditions, which reflect the overall level of inherent risk. The income approach requires us to make a series of assumptions, such as discount rates, revenue projections, profit margin projections and terminal value multiples. We estimate the discount rates on a blended rate of return considering both debt and equity for comparable publicly-traded companies in the television, radio and digital media industries. These comparable publicly-traded companies have similar size, operating characteristics and/or financial profiles to us. We also estimated the terminal value multiple based on comparable publicly-traded companies in the television, radio and digital media industries. We estimated the revenue projections and profit margin projections based on various market clusters signal coverage of the markets and industry information for an average station within a given market. The information for each market cluster includes such things as estimated market share, estimated capital start-up costs, population, household income, retail sales and other expenditures that would influence advertising expenditures. Alternatively, some stations under evaluation have had limited relevant cash flow history due to planned or actual conversion of format or upgrade of station signal. The assumptions we make about cash flows after conversion are based on the performance of similar stations in similar markets and potential proceeds from the sale of the assets.

Long-Lived Assets, Including Intangibles Subject to Amortization

Depreciation and amortization of our long-lived assets is provided using the straight-line method over their estimated useful lives. Changes in circumstances, such as the passage of new laws or changes in regulations, technological advances, changes to our business model or changes in our capital strategy could result in the actual useful lives differing from initial estimates. In those cases where we determine that the useful life of a long-lived asset should be revised, we will depreciate the net book value in excess of the estimated residual value over its revised remaining useful life. Factors such as changes in the planned use of equipment, customer attrition, contractual amendments or mandated regulatory requirements could result in shortened useful lives.

Long-lived assets and asset groups are evaluated for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. The estimated future cash flows are based upon, among other things, assumptions about expected future operating performance and may differ from actual cash flows. Long-lived assets evaluated for impairment are grouped with other assets to the lowest level for which identifiable cash flows are largely independent of the cash flows of other groups of assets and liabilities. If the sum of the projected undiscounted cash flows (excluding interest) is less than the carrying value of the assets, the assets will be written down to the estimated fair value in the period in which the determination is made.

As of December 31, 2023, we had Intangible assets subject to amortization of $47.3 million and Property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation of $8.2 million in our digital segment.

As discussed in Note 19 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, on March 4, 2024, we received a communication from Meta that it intends to wind down its ASP program globally and end its relationship with all of its ASPs, including us, by July 1, 2024. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, ASP revenue from Meta represented approximately 53% and 49%, respectively, of our consolidated revenue, and 63% and 63%, respectively, of our digital segment revenue. As a result of this significant loss of revenue in our digital segment, we are in the process of evaluating the potential impact of this subsequent event and expect there is a reasonable possibility that there will be a material change to the value of these assets.

Deferred Taxes

Deferred taxes are provided on a liability method whereby deferred tax assets are recognized for deductible temporary differences and deferred liabilities are recognized for taxable temporary differences. Temporary differences are the differences between the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and their tax bases. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance when it is determined to be more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted for the effects of changes in tax laws and rates on the date of enactment.

In evaluating our ability to realize net deferred tax assets, we consider all reasonably available evidence including our past operating results, tax strategies and forecasts of future taxable income. In considering these factors, we make certain assumptions and judgments that are based on the plans and estimates used to manage our business.

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We recognize the tax benefit from an uncertain tax position only if it is more likely than not that the tax position will be sustained on examination by the taxing authorities, based on the technical merits of the position. The tax benefits recognized in the financial statements from such positions are then measured based on the largest benefit that has a greater than 50% likelihood of being realized upon settlement. We recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in income tax expense.

Revenue Recognition

Revenues are recognized when control of the promised services is transferred to our customers, in an amount equal to the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those services.

Digital Advertising. Revenue related to our digital segment is recognized when display or other digital advertisements record impressions on the websites and mobile and Internet-connected television apps of media companies on whose digital platforms the advertisements are placed or as the advertiser’s previously agreed-upon performance criteria are satisfied. In our arrangements with media companies for which we act as commercial partner, we have concluded that we are the principal in the transaction and therefore recognize revenue on a gross basis, because (i) we are responsible for fulfillment of the contract, including customer support, resolving customer complaints, and accepting responsibility for the quality or suitability of the product or service; (ii) we have pricing discretion over the transaction; and (iii) we carry inventory risk and are required to pay the media companies for which we act as commercial partner for all inventory purchased regardless of whether we are able to collect on a transaction.

Broadcast Advertising. Revenue related to the sale of advertising in the television and audio segments is recognized at the time of broadcast. Revenue for contracts with advertising agencies is recorded at an amount that is net of the commission retained by the agency. Revenue from contracts directly with the advertisers is recorded as gross revenue and the related commission or national representation fee is recorded in operating expense. National advertising revenue generally represents revenue from advertising time sold to an advertiser or its agency that is placed from outside a station’s market. We typically engage national sales representative firms to work with our station sales managers and solicit national advertising sales, and we pay certain sales representation fees to these firms relating to national advertising sales. Local advertising revenue is generated predominantly from advertising time sold to an advertiser or its agency that is placed from within a station’s market. Local advertising sales include sales to advertisers that are local businesses or advertising agencies, and regional and national businesses or advertising agencies, which place orders from within a station’s market or directly with a station’s local sales staff. We employ our own local sales force that is responsible for soliciting local advertising sales directly from advertisers or their ad agencies.

Retransmission Consent. We generate revenue from retransmission consent agreements that are entered into with MVPDs. We grant the MVPDs access to our television station signals so that they may rebroadcast the signals and charge their subscribers for this programming. Revenue is recognized as the television signal is delivered to the MVPD.

Spectrum Usage Rights. We generate revenue from agreements associated with our television stations’ spectrum usage rights. Revenue is recognized in accordance with the contractual fees over the term of the agreement or when we have relinquished all or a portion of our spectrum usage rights for a station or have relinquished its rights to operate a station on the existing channel free from interference.

Business Combinations

We apply the acquisition method of accounting for business combinations in accordance with U.S. GAAP and use estimates and judgments to allocate the purchase price paid for acquisitions to the fair value of the assets, including identifiable intangible assets and liabilities acquired. Such estimates may be based on significant unobservable inputs and assumptions such as, but not limited to, revenue projections, gross margin projections, customer attrition rates, royalty rates, discount rates and terminal growth rate assumptions. We use established valuation techniques and may engage reputable valuation specialists to assist with the valuations. Management’s estimates of fair value are based upon assumptions believed to be reasonable, but which are inherently uncertain and unpredictable and, as a result, actual results may differ from estimates. Fair values are subject to refinement for up to one year after the closing date of an acquisition, as information relative to closing date fair values becomes available. Upon the conclusion of the measurement period, any subsequent adjustments are recorded to earnings.

Variable Interest Entities

In accordance with the provisions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) or ASC 810, “Consolidation,” we evaluate entities for which control is achieved through means other than voting rights to determine if we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE. An entity is a VIE if it has any of the following characteristics: (1) the entity has insufficient equity to permit it to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support; (2) equity holders, as a group, lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest; or (3) the entity is structured with non-substantive voting rights. The primary beneficiary of a VIE is generally the entity that has (a) the power to direct the activities of the VIE that most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and (b) the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE. We consolidate our investment in a VIE when we determine that we are the primary beneficiary of such entity.

In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consider qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: which activities most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and which party controls such activities;

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and the significance of the our investment and other means of participation in the VIE’s expected profits/losses. Significant judgments related to these determinations include estimates about the current and future fair values and performance of assets held by these VIEs and general market conditions.

We may change our original assessment of a VIE upon subsequent events such as the modification of contractual arrangements that affect the characteristics or adequacy of the entity’s equity investments at risk and the disposition of all or a portion of an interest held by the primary beneficiary. We perform this analysis on an ongoing basis.

Contingent Consideration

If business combinations or variable interest entities provide for contingent consideration, we record the contingent consideration at fair value at the acquisition date. We adjust the contingent consideration liability at the end of each reporting period based on fair value inputs representing changes in forecasted revenue of the acquired entities and the probability of an adjustment to the purchase price. Key assumptions include risk-neutral expected growth rates based on management’s assessments of expected growth in EBITDA, adjusted by appropriate factors capturing their correlation with the market and volatility, discounted at a cost of debt rate. Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration after the acquisition date are included in earnings if the contingent consideration is recorded as a liability.

Additional Information

For additional information on our significant accounting policies, please see Note 2 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

For additional information on recently issued accounting pronouncements, see Note 2 to Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Sensitivity of Critical Accounting Estimates

We have critical accounting estimates that are sensitive to change. The most significant of those sensitive estimates relates to the impairment of intangible assets as discussed above.

Impact of Inflation

We believe that inflation has not had a material impact on our results of operations for each of our fiscal years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2023. However, based on recent inflation trends, the economy in Argentina has been classified as highly inflationary. As a result, we applied the guidance in ASC 830, “Foreign Currency Matters”, by remeasuring non-monetary assets and liabilities at historical exchange rates and monetary-assets and liabilities using current exchange rates. There can be no assurance that future inflation would not have an adverse impact on our operating results and financial condition.