Eos Energy Enterprises, Inc. (EOSE) FY 2023 MD&A

ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Annual Report. In addition to historical information, this discussion contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from management’s expectations. Factors that could cause such differences are discussed in “Forward-Looking Statements” and “Risk Factors.”

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Overview

The Company offers an innovative Znyth™ technology battery energy storage system ("BESS") designed to provide the operating flexibility to manage increased grid complexity and price volatility resulting from an overall increase in renewable energy generation and a congested grid coming from an increase in electricity demand growth. The Company’s BESS is a validated chemistry with accessible non-precious earth components in a durable design that is intended to deliver results in even the most extreme temperatures and conditions. The system is designed to be safe, flexible, scalable, sustainable and manufactured in the United States, using raw materials primarily sourced in the United States. We believe the Company’s flagship Gen 2.3™ battery module and its newest Z3™ battery module are the core of its innovative systems. The Z3 battery module is the only US designed and manufactured battery module that today provide utilities, independent power producers, renewables developers, and C&I customers with an alternative to lithium-ion and lead-acid monopolar batteries for critical 3- to 12-hour discharge duration applications. We believe the Z3 battery will transform how utility, industrial, and commercial customers store power.

In addition to its BESS, the Company currently offers: (a) a BMS which provides a remote asset monitoring capability and service to track the performance and health of the Company’s BESS and to proactively identify future system performance issues through predictive analytics; (b) project management services to ensure the process of implementing the Company’s BESS are coordinated in conjunction with the customer’s overall project plans; (c) commissioning services that ensure the customer’s installation of the BESS meets the performance expected by the customer; and (d) long-term maintenance plans to maintain optimal operating performance of the Company’s systems.

The Company’s growth strategy contemplates increasing sales of battery energy storage systems and related software and services through a direct sales team and sales channel partners. The Company’s current and target customers include utilities, project developers, independent power producers and commercial and industrial companies.

Business Trends

As an SEC-registered and Nasdaq-listed company, we are required to implement procedures and processes to address public company regulatory requirements and customary practices and have, and will continue to, hire additional personnel in this context. We have incurred additional annual expenses as a public company for, among other things, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, director fees, internal and external accounting, legal, administrative resources, including increased personnel costs, and audit and other professional service fees.

Inflation and cost factors - During 2023, the effects of the Federal Reserve’s interest rate hikes in 2022 and in the first half of 2023 had an impact on reducing inflation. This eased many investor concerns and worked to stabilize the cost of purchasing supplies and raw materials for companies.

U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Renewable Energy Project and Efficient Energy Loan Program

In August 2023, the DOE issued a Conditional Commitment Letter to the Company for a loan of an aggregate principal amount of up to $398.6 million through the DOE’s Clean Energy Financing Program. The Conditional Commitment Letter follows an extensive technical, financial and commercial due diligence process by the DOE. If finalized, the loan is expected to fund 80% of eligible costs of the Company’s planned manufacturing expansion in Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania.

Eligible costs include capital expenditures and other costs associated with ramping up the manufacturing lines and facility. Eligible cost include start-up and shakedown costs, as well as certain material and labor costs before efficiencies are met. The Company is working to finalize the loan documents with the DOE and to fulfill certain conditions precedent. Eos is spending eligible costs now that would be reimbursable at first funding.

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Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (“IRA”)

On August 16, 2022, President Biden signed the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 into law. The IRA has significant economic incentives for both energy storage customers and manufacturers for projects placed in service after December 31, 2022. One of the most important features of the IRA is that it offers a 10-year term tax credit, whereas historically similar industrial credits have been shorter in duration. Customers placing new energy storage facilities in service will be allowed to claim at least a thirty percent investment tax credit (“ITC”) under certain conditions. The IRA also offers an extra ten percent credit if the project is in an “energy community” and another ten percent credit if the project satisfies domestic content requirements, which will be set forth when the implementing regulations are finalized. The ten percent bonus for domestic content could represent a strategic advantage for the Company resulting from the Company’s near-sourcing and Made in America strategy, and we currently anticipate that projects utilizing Eos batteries will qualify for the bonus.

Starting in 2023, there are Production Tax Credits under Internal Revenue Code 45X (“PTC”), that can be claimed on battery components manufactured in the U.S. and sold to U.S. or foreign customers. These tax credits available to manufacturers include a credit for ten percent of the cost incurred to make electrode active materials in addition to credits of $35 per kWh of capacity of battery cells and $10 per kWh of capacity of battery modules. These credits are cumulative, meaning that companies will be able to claim each of the available tax credits based on the battery components produced and sold through 2029, after which the PTC will begin to gradually phase down through 2032. In June 2023, the IRS issued temporary and proposed regulations related to applicable tax credit transferability and direct pay provisions of the Inflation Reduction Act. The Company has reviewed these regulations and believes they do not have a material impact on the financial statements.

These credits are expected to be a new source of cash flow for Eos in the future.

Company Highlights

•In January 2023, several investors, including Clear Creek Investments, LLC, Ardsley Advisory Partners LP, and AltEnergy, LLC, and others, made a $13.75 million investment in the Company by purchasing the Company’s 26.5% Convertible Senior PIK Notes due 2026. The proceeds of this funding supported the Company’s strategic growth initiatives. See Note 12, Borrowings to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion.

•In February 2023, the Company announced an initial 47 MWh renewables plus storage project with one of the largest operators of energy storage in the U.S., along with a separate long-term agreement that contributes 4GWh to the Company’s pipeline.

•During 2023, the Company issued three convertible promissory notes with an aggregate principal amount of $35.0 million in a private placement to YA II PN, Ltd. ("Yorkville") under the second, third and fourth supplemental agreements to the Standby Equity Purchase Agreement (SEPA). During 2023, Yorkville delivered Investor Notices requiring the Company to issue and sell an aggregate of 20,993,417 shares of common stock to Yorkville to offset all outstanding amounts owed to Yorkville under the outstanding Promissory Notes. See Note 12, Borrowings to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report for further discussion.

•In February 2023, the Company completed the first Eos Cube powered by the next-generation Eos Z3™ battery.

•In April 2023, the Company issued 16,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $2.50 per share in a registered direct offering. The Company issued in a concurrent private placement unregistered warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 16,000,000 shares of common stock. The gross proceeds to the Company from the offering were $40.0 million, before deducting advisory fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company.

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•In May 2023, the Company issued 3,601,980 shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $2.221 per share in a registered direct offering. The Company issued in a concurrent private placement unregistered warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 3,601,980 shares of common stock. The gross proceeds to the Company from the offering were $8.0 million, before deducting advisory fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company.

•On August 23, 2023, the Company and Yorkville terminated the SEPA, as amended, by mutual written consent. At the time of termination, there were no outstanding borrowings, advance notices or shares of Common Stock to be issued under the SEPA. In addition, there were no fees due by the Company or Yorkville in connection with the termination of the SEPA.

•In August 2023, the Company signed a Master Supply Agreement with ACRO Automation Systems to partner in the design, development, and implementation of its state-of-the-art high output manufacturing lines. ACRO is a recognized leader in high-speed, custom designed, automated manufacturing systems.

•In August 2023, the Company announced Project AMAZE —American Made Zinc Energy, a $500 million planned expansion and a significant milestone to build 8 GWh of clean energy storage production capacity.

•In August 2023, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) issued a Conditional Commitment Letter to the Company for a loan of an aggregate principal amount of up to $398.6 million through the DOE’s Clean Energy Financing Program. The Conditional Commitment Letter follows an extensive technical, financial and commercial due diligence process by the DOE. If finalized, the loan is expected to fund 80% of eligible costs of the Company’s planned manufacturing expansion in Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania.

•In October 2023, the Company announced that Jeff McNeil, former Chief Operating Officer, and Executive Vice President of Enphase, joined the Company’s Board of Directors.

•In December 2023, the Company announced that Eos and Pine Gate Renewables, a leading renewable energy company focused on development and strategic financing of solar and storage projects throughout the United States, entered into a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to expand their existing partnership with a minimum additional volume of 500MWh. The partnership between the two companies launched in 2021 with projects in South Carolina and Utah.

•In December 2023, the Company, in a public offering, issued 34,482,759 shares of its common stock and 34,482,759 common warrants. The combined offering price to the public of each share of common stock and accompanying one common warrant was $1.45. The common warrants have an exercise price of $1.60 per share, are exercisable immediately, and expire five years following the date of issuance. Gross proceeds to the Company from the offering was $50.0 million, before deducting advisory fees and other offering expenses of approximately $2.7 million.

•For the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company recognized the IRA's Production Tax Credit of $3.3 million as a reduction of cost of goods sold on the consolidated statement of operations and comprehensive loss, respectively.

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Results of Operations

Revenue

The Company generates revenues from the delivery of its BESS and service-related solutions. The Company expects revenues to increase as it scales production to meet customer demand.

Revenue remained relatively flat for the year ended December 31, 2023 compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

Cost of goods sold

Cost of goods sold primarily consists of direct costs relating to labor, material and overhead directly tied to product manufacturing, engineering, procurement and construction (“EPC”), project delivery, commissioning, and start-up test procedures. Indirect costs included in cost of goods sold are manufacturing overhead such as manufacturing engineering, equipment maintenance, environmental health and safety, quality and production control procurement, transportation, logistics, depreciation and facility-related costs. As a nascent technology with a new manufacturing process that is early in its product lifecycle, the Company still faces significant costs associated with production start-up, commissioning of various components, modules, and subsystems and other related costs. The Company expects its cost of goods sold to exceed revenues in the near term as it continues to scale production and prepares battery energy storage systems delivered to customers to go-live.

Cost of goods sold decreased by $63.5 million, or 41% from $153.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $89.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease in cost of goods sold from 2022 to 2023 was primarily due to approximately 44% fewer containers delivered to customers in 2023 compared to 2022. Also, the Company reduced and concluded Gen 2.3 battery system production in the first half of 2023, and ramped up the Gen Z3™ manufacturing process. The focus on Gen Z3 battery system research and development in 2023, and the reduced material orders and other ancillary costs on the retired Gen 2.3. battery system contributed to the decrease in cost of goods sold from 2022. Additionally, all 2022 expenses were related to the higher cost Gen 2.3 battery system. However, in 2023, expenses from the higher cost Gen 2.3 battery systems were replaced with lower cost Gen Z3 battery system expenses.

Research and development expenses

Research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and other personnel-related costs, materials, third-party services, depreciation, and amortization of intangible assets.

Research and development costs increased by $0.2 million or 1% from $18.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, to $18.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The increase in research and development costs was primarily driven by higher payroll and personnel costs, higher materials and supplies, partially offset by lower third party services.

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Selling, general and administrative expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses primarily consist of payroll and personnel-related, outside professional services, facilities, depreciation, travel, marketing, and public company costs.

Selling, general and administrative expenses decreased by $7.0 million or 12%, from $60.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 to $53.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. The decrease was primarily driven by decreases in outside consulting expenses of $7.2 million, duties and insurance fees of $1.5 million, and legal and professional costs of $0.3 million, offset by increases of $1.2 million of payroll and personnel costs and $0.8 million of facility costs.

Loss from write-down on property, plant and equipment

The Company incurred losses of $7.2 million and $6.8 million from write-downs of property, plant and equipment for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, respectively. The 2023 amount is a result of higher costs for disposal of equipment and tooling that was used for manufacturing of the Gen 2.3 battery, but cannot be repurposed for the Eos Z3 battery production.

Interest expense, net

Interest expense, net includes accrued interest, amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts, and interest income. Interest expense, net increased by $10.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. This increase is primarily due to 12 months of interest expense recognized in 2023 related to the Senior Secured Term Loan, which was issued in July 2022, compared to five months of expense in 2022. Additionally, the Senior Secured Term Loan has a variable interest rate, therefore, higher 2023 interest rates contributed to the increase. See Note 11, Borrowings for detail of interest expense recognized for the Senior Secured Term Loan for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Interest expense - related party

Interest expense, related party includes accrued interest, amortization of debt issuance costs and debt discounts. Interest expense - related party increased by $26.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022.

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For the year ended December 31, 2023, in addition to interest expense on outstanding debt, the Company recognized losses on the issuances of Yorkville Convertible Promissory Notes in the amount of $17.6 million and AFG Convertible Notes in the amount of $2.9 million. These losses were recorded because the fair value of these notes exceeded the total net proceeds received at issuance. See Note 12, Borrowings for further discussion.

Change in fair value of warrants

For the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the change in fair value of warrants was composed of the items below:

Change in fair value of derivatives - related parties

The change in the fair value of derivatives - related parties, includes the change in fair value of the embedded derivatives in our convertible debt (See Note 12, Borrowings) for the year ended December 31, 2023, compared to the year ended December 31, 2022. The change was largely a result of the change in the Company's stock price.

Loss on debt extinguishment

The Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 from the issuance of common stock upon Yorkville's redemption of their Convertible Promissory Notes. See Note 12, Borrowings for further discussion.

The Company recognized a loss on debt extinguishment of $0.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 from repayment of the Hi-Power note payable.

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Other expense

Other expense of $1.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 primarily includes equity issuance costs from the April, May, and December 2023 equity and warrant issuances. See Note 13, Warrants Liability for further discussion.

Other expense of $0.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 includes commitment fees of $1.1 million paid upon signing of the SEPA, partially offset by a $0.5 million gain from settlement of the SEPA advance.

Income tax expense

Income tax expense of approximately $0.03 million and $0.1 million was recorded for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022. The taxes are attributable to taxable earnings from the Company’s foreign operations which were insignificant for all periods presented.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity and Going Concern

As a growth company in the early commercialization stage of its lifecycle, Eos is subject to inherent risks and uncertainties associated with the development of an enterprise. In this regard, substantially all of the Company’s efforts to date have been devoted to the development and manufacturing of battery energy storage systems and complimentary products and services, recruitment of management and technical staff, deployment of capital to expand the Company’s operations to meet customer demand and raising capital to fund the Company’s development. As a result of these efforts, the Company has incurred significant losses and negative cash flows from operations since its inception and expects to continue to incur such losses and negative cash flows for the foreseeable future until such time that the Company can reach a scale of profitability to sustain its operations.

In order to execute its development strategy, the Company has historically relied on outside capital through the issuance of equity, debt, and borrowings under financing arrangements (collectively “outside capital”) to fund its cost structure and expects to continue to rely on outside capital for the foreseeable future. While the Company believes it will eventually reach a scale of profitability to sustain its operations, there can be no assurance the Company will be able to achieve such profitability or do so in a manner that does not require its continued reliance on outside capital. Moreover, while the Company has historically been successful in raising outside capital, there can be no assurance the Company will be able to continue to obtain outside capital in the future or do so on terms that are acceptable to the Company.

As of the date the accompanying consolidated financial statements were issued (the “issuance date”), management evaluated the significance of the following negative financial conditions in accordance with Accounting Standard Codification 205-40, Going Concern:

•Since its inception, the Company has incurred significant losses and negative cash from operations in order to fund its development. During the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company incurred a net loss of $229.5 million, incurred negative cash flows from operations of $145.0 million, and had an accumulated deficit of $875.8 million as of December 31, 2023.

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•As of December 31, 2023, the Company had $69.5 million of unrestricted cash and cash equivalents available to fund the Company’s operations, no additional borrowings available to fund its operations under pre-existing financing arrangements (see Note 12, Borrowings) and working capital of $61.5 million, inclusive of $3.3 million of outstanding debt that is currently scheduled to mature within the next twelve months beyond the issuance date.

•While the Company has available capacity under certain pre-existing arrangements to issue shares of the Company’s common stock, including the at-the-market (“ATM”) offering program, (see Note 19, Shareholders’ Deficit) to aid in funding the Company’s operations, the Company’s ability to secure such funding is dependent upon certain conditions, such as investors’ willingness to purchase the Company’s common stock and at a price that is acceptable to the Company. Accordingly, as of the issuance date there is no assurance the Company will be able to secure funding under these pre-existing arrangements or on terms that are acceptable to the Company.

•Similarly, while the Company has historically been successful in raising additional outside capital to fund the Company’s operations, as of the issuance date no assurance can be provided the Company will be successful in obtaining additional outside capital or on terms that are acceptable to the Company. In this regard, the Company continues to progress through the Department of Energy (“DOE”) Loan Programs Office’s (“LPO”) process for its Title XVII loan. In August 2023, the DOE issued a Conditional Commitment Letter to the Company for a loan of an aggregate principal amount of up to $398.6 million through the DOE’s Clean Energy Financing Program. Certain technical, legal, and financial conditions must be met and due diligence to the satisfaction of the DOE must be completed before the DOE enters into definitive financing documents with the Company and funds the loan. There can be no assurance that the Company will be able to secure such a loan or on terms that are acceptable to the Company.

•The Company is required to remain in compliance with a quarterly minimum financial liquidity covenant under its Senior Secured Term Loan. While the Company was in compliance with this covenant as of December 31, 2023, and expects to remain in compliance as of March 31, 2024, absent the Company’s ability to secure additional outside capital, the Company may be unable to remain in compliance with this covenant beginning on June 30, 2024 and thereafter. In the event the Company is unable to remain in compliance with the minimum financial liquidity covenant and the other nonfinancial covenants required by the Senior Secured Term Loan, and the Company is further unable to cure such noncompliance or secure a waiver, Atlas may, at its discretion, exercise any and all of its existing rights and remedies, which may include, among other things, entering into a forbearance agreement with the Company, and/or asserting its rights in the Company’s assets securing the loan. Moreover, the Company’s other lenders may exercise similar rights and remedies under the cross-default provisions of their respective borrowing arrangements with the Company.

•Absent an ability to secure additional outside capital in the near term, the Company will be unable to meet its obligations as they become due over the next twelve months beyond the issuance date.

•In the event the Company’s ongoing efforts to raise additional outside capital prove unsuccessful, management will be required to seek other strategic alternatives, which may include, among others, a significant curtailment in the Company’s operations, a sale of certain of the Company’s assets, a sale of the entire Company to strategic or financial investors, and/or allowing the Company to become insolvent.

These uncertainties raise substantial doubt about the Company’s ability to continue as a going concern. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared on the basis that the Company will continue to operate as a going concern, which contemplates that the Company will be able to realize assets and settle liabilities and commitments in the normal course of business for the foreseeable future. Accordingly, the accompanying consolidated financial statements do not include any adjustments that may result from the outcome of these uncertainties.

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Financing Arrangements

The Company has historically relied on outside capital to fund its cost structure and expects this reliance to continue for the foreseeable future until the Company reaches profitability through its planned revenue generating activities. During 2023, the Company closed on the following capital transactions:

•On January 18, 2023, the Company raised $13.8 million from the issuance of the AFG Convertible Notes, which mature in June 2026.

•In April 2023, the Company issued 16,000,000 shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $2.50 per share in a registered direct offering. The Company also issued in a concurrent private placement unregistered warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 16,000,000 shares of common stock. The gross proceeds to the Company from the offering were $40.0 million, before deducting advisory fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company.

•In May 2023, the Company issued 3,601,980 shares of the Company’s common stock at a purchase price of $2.221 per share in a registered direct offering. The Company also issued in a concurrent private placement unregistered warrants to purchase up to an aggregate of 3,601,980 shares of common stock. The gross proceeds to the Company from the offering were $8.0 million, before deducting advisory fees and other offering expenses payable by the Company.

•For the year ended December 31, 2023, total funds raised under the SEPA, inclusive of net proceeds received from the Yorkville Convertible Promissory Notes, were $35.6 million.

•Under the ATM offering program, for the year ended December 31, 2023, the Company sold 37,126,137 shares raising proceeds of $92.9 million, net of fees paid to Cowen, at an average selling price of $2.58 per share.

•In December 2023, the Company issued in a combined public offering (i) 34,482,759 shares of its common stock and (ii) accompanying common warrants to purchase one share of common stock for each share of common stock sold. The gross proceeds to the Company from the offering were $50.0 million, before deducting underwriting fees and selling concessions at closing.

See Note 12, Borrowings, and Note 19, Shareholders' Deficit for all of the Company’s outstanding debt and equity transactions.

Capital Expenditures

The Company expects capital expenditures and working capital requirements to increase as it seeks to execute its growth strategy. Total capital expenditures for the years ended December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022 were $29.3 million and $20.1 million, respectively. The increase in capital expenditures in 2023 was primarily driven by costs incurred for development and construction of a fully automated manufacturing line that will be used for the Z3™ battery in 2024 and years thereafter. These costs are classified as Construction in Progress (see Note 6, Property, Plant and Equipment for further discussion).

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Discussion and Analysis of Cash Flows

The Company relies heavily on private placement of convertible notes, term loans, equipment financing and issuance of common stock and warrants. Our short-term working capital needs are primarily related to funding of debt interest payments, repayment of debt principal, product manufacturing, research and development, and general corporate expenses. The Company’s long-term working capital needs are primarily related to repayment of long-term debt obligations and capital expenses for capacity expansion and maintenance, equipment upgrades and repair of equipment.

The following table summarizes our cash flows from operating, investing and financing activities for the periods presented.

Cash flows from operating activities:

Cash flows used in operating activities primarily comprise of costs related to research and development, manufacturing of products, project commissioning and other general and administrative activities.

Net cash used in operating activities of $145.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 was primarily driven by a net loss of $229.5 million, adjusted for non-cash items of $94.2 million. Non-cash items included stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, non-cash interest expense, changes in fair value of warrants and derivatives, and loss from the write-down of property, plant and equipment. The net cash outflows from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $9.7 million was primarily driven by decrease in accounts payable of $11.5 million, increase in contract assets of $6.3 million, increase in other receivables of $7.5 million, and increase in grant receivables of $3.0 million, partially offset by an increase in accrued expenses of $19.3 million.

Net cash used in operating activities of $196.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 was primarily driven by a net loss of $229.8 million, adjusted for non-cash items of $31.0 million. Non-cash items included stock-based compensation expense, depreciation and amortization, non-cash interest expense, changes in fair value of warrants and derivatives, and loss from the write-down of property, plant and equipment. The net cash inflows from changes in operating assets and liabilities of $2.0 million was primarily driven by an increase in accounts payable and accrued expenses of $23.4 million, an increase in contract liabilities of $4.0 million, and a decrease in vendor deposits of $6.8 million. These inflows were partially offset by an increase in inventory of $10.3 million and a decrease in the Hi-Power note payable of $19.6 million.

Cash flows from investing activities:

Net cash flows used in investing activities of $29.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2023 were composed of increase in property, plant and equipment of $29.3 million, which includes costs incurred for development and construction of a fully automated manufacturing line that will be used for the Z3™ battery in 2024 and years thereafter.

Net cash flows used in investing activities of $17.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2022 were primarily composed of payments made for purchases of property, plant and equipment of $20.1 million, note receivable advanced to a customer of $0.3 million, partially offset by proceeds from notes receivable of $3.2 million.

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Cash flows from financing activities:

Net cash provided by financing activities was $227.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2023. This was primarily from the issuance of common stock and warrants in the amount of $192.2 million, as well net proceeds received from the issuance of Yorkville Convertible Promissory Notes and AFG Convertible Notes, totaling $48.1 million. The proceeds were partially offset by equity issuance costs of $5.0 million, debt issuance costs related to the Yorkville Convertible Promissory Notes, AFG Convertible Notes and Senior Secured Term Loan of $4.2 million, payments on the equipment financing facility of $2.9 million and share repurchases from employees for tax withholding purposes of $0.6 million.

Net cash provided by financing activities of $139.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2022, was primarily from net proceeds received from the Senior Secured Term Loan of $98.0 million, issuance of common stock of $43.6 million, issuance of Yorkville Convertible Promissory Notes of $9.3 million, and an increase in the equipment financing facility of $4.2 million. The proceeds were partially offset by debt issuance costs related to the Senior Secured Term Loan of $12.4 million, payments on the equipment financing facility of $1.9 million, and share repurchases from employees for tax withholding purposes of $1.0 million.

Contractual Obligations

The Company has certain obligations and commitments to make future payments under contracts. As of December 31, 2023, this is comprised of the following:

•Open purchase obligations of $0.1 million, related to a supply purchase agreement with a minimum volume commitment. See Note 16, Commitments and Contingencies to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

•Future lease payments, including interest, under non-cancellable operating and financing leases of $6.1 million. The leases expire at various dates prior to 2028. See Note 14, Leases to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

•Principal and Interest payments related to the following debt obligations. See Note 12, Borrowings to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

(1) As of December 31, 2023, the Company is obligated to repay future contractual interest payments for the 2021 Convertible Notes and AFG Convertible Notes in-kind.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. In preparing our consolidated financial statements, we make assumptions, judgments, and estimates on historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results could differ materially from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions. We regularly reevaluate our assumptions, judgments, and estimates.

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Critical accounting estimates are those estimates that involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and could have a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Warranty Liability

The Company generally provides a standard warranty for a period of two years. We also provide extended warranties and performance guarantees, which are identified as separate performance obligations in the Company's contracts with customers. We accrue warranty reserves at the time of recording the sale. Warranty reserves include management’s best estimate of the projected costs to repair or to replace any items under warranty, which is based on various factors including actual claim data to date, results of lab testing, factory quality data, and field monitoring. Due to limited claim experience since commercialization of our product, and the potential for variability in these underlying factors, the difference between our estimated costs and our actual costs could be material to our consolidated financial statements. If actual product failure rates or the frequency or severity of reported claims differ from our estimates, we may be required to revise our estimated warranty liability. We will also update actual warranty experience to determine warranty reserves as such experience becomes available. We review our reserves at least quarterly, seeking to ensure that our accruals are adequate in meeting expected future warranty obligations, and we will adjust our estimates as needed. Initial warranty data can be limited at the early stage in the commercialization of our products and, the adjustments that we record may be material. Thus, it is likely that as we sell additional BESS, we will acquire additional information on the projected costs to repair or replace items under warranty and may need to make additional adjustments (See Note 9, Accrued Expenses to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report).

Warrants Liability

The Company estimated the fair value of the April 2023 warrants, the May 2023 warrants, and the December 2023 warrants using the Black-Scholes model at inception and on subsequent valuation dates. This model incorporates inputs such as the stock price of the Company, exercise price, risk-free interest rate, expected volatility, and time to expiration. The expected volatility involves unobservable inputs classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The sensitivity of the fair value calculation to this assumption could create materially different results under different conditions or using different assumptions. See Note 15, Fair Value Measurement to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

Convertible Notes and Embedded Derivatives

The Company estimated the fair value of the embedded conversion features in the 2021 Convertible Notes and the AFG Convertible Notes using a binomial lattice model at inception and on subsequent valuation dates. This model incorporates inputs such as the stock price of the Company, dividend yield, risk-free interest rate, the effective debt yield and expected volatility. The effective debt yield and volatility involve unobservable inputs classified as Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. The sensitivity of the fair value calculation to these methods, assumptions, and estimates included could create materially different results under different conditions or using different assumptions. See Note 15, Fair Value Measurements to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report.

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