EASTERN CO (EML) FY 2023 MD&A

ITEM 7 MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The Company’s fiscal year ends on the Saturday nearest to December 31. Fiscal years 2023 and 2022 were each 52 weeks in length. References in this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations to results for “2023” or “fiscal year 2023” mean the fiscal year ended December 30, 2023, and references to results for “2022” or “fiscal year 2022” mean the fiscal year ended December 31, 2022. References to the “fourth quarter of 2023” or the “fourth fiscal quarter of 2023” mean the thirteen-week period from October 1, 2023 to December 30, 2023, and references to the “fourth quarter of 2022” or the “fourth fiscal quarter of 2022” mean the thirteen-week period from October 2, 2022 to December 31, 2022.

The following analysis excludes discontinued operations.

Summary

Sales for 2023 were $273.5 million compared to $279.3 million for 2022. Net income for 2023 was $8.6 million, or $1.37 per diluted share, compared to $11.1 million, or $1.77 per diluted share, for 2022. Sales for the fourth quarter of 2023 were $67.0 million compared to $69.1 million for the same period in 2022. Net income for the fourth quarter of 2023 was $3.5 million, or $0.56 per diluted share compared to $0.2 million, or $0.03 per diluted share, for the comparable 2022 period.

The Company’s backlog was $80.1 million on December 30, 2023, compared to $72.5 million on December 31, 2022, primarily due to an increase of $5.7 million in backlog at Big 3 for mold services and returnable packaging and an increase of $6.3 million in backlog related to the launch of new mirror programs for Class 8 trucks being awarded to our Velvac subsidiary, partially offset by a decrease of $4.4 million in backlog for locks and hardware at Eberhard.

Critical Accounting Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”) requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions regarding uncertainties that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, the disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses. Areas of uncertainty that require judgments, estimates and assumptions include items such as the allowance for doubtful accounts; inventory accounting; the testing of goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment; and pensions and other postretirement benefits. Management uses historical experience and all available information to make its estimates and assumptions, but actual results will inevitably differ from the estimates and assumptions that are used to prepare the Company’s financial statements at any given time. Despite these inherent limitations, management believes that Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and the financial statements and related footnotes provide a meaningful and fair presentation of the Company’s financial position and results of operations.

Management believes that the application of these estimates and assumptions on a consistent basis enables the Company to provide the users of the financial statements with useful and reliable information about the Company’s operating results and financial condition.

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

The Company maintains an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses resulting from the inability of its customers to make required payments. The Company reviews the collectability of its receivables on an ongoing basis, considering a combination of factors that require judgment and estimates, including among others, our customers’ access to capital, customers’ willingness or ability to pay, customer payment patterns, general economic conditions and geopolitical trends, and our ongoing relationship with our customers. The Company reviews potential problems, such as past due accounts, a bankruptcy filing or deterioration in the customer’s financial condition, to ensure that the Company has adequately accrued for potential loss. Accounts are considered past due based on when payment was originally due. If a customer’s situation changes, such as a bankruptcy or a change in its creditworthiness, or there is a change in the current economic climate, the Company may modify its estimate of the allowance for doubtful accounts. The Company will write off accounts receivable after reasonable collection efforts have been made and the accounts are deemed uncollectible. If our estimates and assumptions as to collectability were materially incorrect, or if any of our significant customers were to develop unexpected and immediate financial problems that would prevent payment of amounts due to us, and our allowance for doubtful accounts were inadequate, this could result in an unexpected loss in profitability.

As of December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, the Company’s allowance for doubtful accounts total was $0.6 million and $0.7 million, respectively. As of December 30, 2023, and December 31, 2022, the Company’s bad debt expense was $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

Inventory

Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value. Cost is determined by the last-in, first-out (“LIFO”) method at Eberhard while Big 3 Precision and Velvac are valued using a first-in, first-out (“FIFO”) method. Accordingly, a LIFO valuation reserve is calculated using the dollar value link chain method.

We review the net realizable value of inventory in detail on an ongoing basis, considering deterioration, obsolescence, estimated future demand, current market conditions, and other factors. Based on these assessments, we provide for an inventory reserve in the period in which an impairment is identified. The reserve fluctuates with market conditions, design cycles, and other economic factors and could vary significantly, whether favorably or unfavorably, from actual results due to, among other things, unanticipated changes in economic conditions, customer demand, or the competitive landscape.

The inventory reserve for excess or obsolete inventory reduced the Company’s inventory valuation by $1.7 million and $1.9 million as of December 30, 2023 and December 31, 2022, respectively.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Intangible assets with finite useful lives are generally amortized on a straight-line basis over the periods benefited. Goodwill and other intangible assets with indefinite useful lives are not amortized. The Company performs annual qualitative assessments on goodwill and other intangible assets as of the end of each fiscal year by comparing the estimated fair value of each reporting unit with its carrying amount. Additionally, the Company performs an interim analysis if events or circumstances indicate it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Such events or circumstances could include, among other things, increased competition or unexpected loss of market share, significant adverse changes in the markets in which the Company operates, or unexpected business disruptions. If the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its estimated fair value, the Company records an impairment loss based on the difference between fair value and carrying amount not to exceed the associated carrying amount of goodwill. Determining the fair value of a reporting unit involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including (i) macroeconomic conditions, (ii) market and industry conditions, (iii) cost factors, (iv) overall financial performance, (v) other relevant entity-specific events, and (vi) events affecting a reporting unit. The values assigned to the key assumptions represent management’s assessment of future trends in the relevant industry and have been based on historical data from both external and internal sources.

The Company performed its annual qualitative assessment as of the end of each of fiscal 2023 and 2022 on the carrying value of goodwill and determined that it is more likely than not that no impairment of goodwill existed as of such dates. See Note 3 – Accounting Policies – Goodwill, in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Form 10-K for more detail.

Pension and Other Postretirement Benefits

The amounts recognized in the consolidated financial statements related to pension and other postretirement benefits are determined from actuarial valuations. Inherent in these valuations are assumptions about such factors as expected return on plan assets, discount rates at which liabilities could be settled, rate of increase in future compensation levels, mortality rates, and trends in health insurance costs. These assumptions are reviewed annually and updated as required. In accordance with U.S. GAAP, actual results that differ from the assumptions are accumulated and amortized over future periods and, therefore, affect the expense recognized and obligations recorded in future periods.

The discount rate used is based on a single equivalent discount rate derived with the assistance of our actuaries by matching expected future benefit payments in each year to the corresponding spot rates from the FTSE Pension Liability Yield Curve, comprised of high quality (rated AA or better) corporate bonds. The Company calculates its service and interest costs in future years by applying the specific spot rates along the selected yield curve to the relevant projected cash flows.

The expected long-term rate of return on assets is also developed with input from the Company’s actuarial firms. We consider the Company’s historical experience with pension fund asset performance, the current and expected allocation of our plan assets and expected long-term rates of return. The long-term rate-of-return assumption used for determining net periodic pension expense was 7.5% for both 2023 and 2022. The Company reviews the long-term rate of return each year.

Future actual pension income and expenses will depend on future investment performance, changes in future discount rates and various other factors related to the population of participants in the Company’s pension plans.

The Company expects to make cash contributions of approximately $2,100,000 and $50,000 to our pension and other postretirement plans, respectively, in 2024.

In connection with our pension and other postretirement benefits, the Company reported income of $1.6 million and $3.3 million (net of tax) on its Consolidated Statement of Comprehensive Income for fiscal years 2023 and 2022, respectively. The main factor driving this income was the change in the discount rate during the applicable period.

Assumptions used to determine net periodic pension benefit cost for the fiscal years indicated were as follows:

Assumptions used to determine net periodic other postretirement benefit cost for the fiscal years were as follows:

The changes in assumptions had the following effect on the net periodic pension and other postretirement costs recorded in Other Comprehensive Income as follows:

The Plan has been investing a portion of the assets in long-term bonds to better match the impact of changes in interest rates on its assets and liabilities and thus reduce volatility in Other Comprehensive Income. Please refer to Note 10 – Retirement Benefit Plans in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Form 10-K for additional disclosures concerning the Company’s pension and other postretirement benefit plans.

RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Fourth Quarter 2023 Compared to Fourth Quarter 2022

The following table shows, for the fourth quarter of 2023 and 2022, selected line items from the consolidated statements of income as a percentage of net sales for the Company’s operations. The Company’s continuing operations include (1) Big 3 Precision, including Big 3 Products, Big 3 Mold, and Hallink Moulds; (2) Eberhard Manufacturing, Eastern Industrial Ltd., World Lock Company Ltd., Dongguan Reeworld Security Products Ltd., and World Security Industries Ltd.; and (3) Velvac Holdings.

Net sales in the fourth quarter of 2023 decreased 3.0% to $67.0 million from $69.1 million in the fourth quarter of 2022. Sales decreases were due to lower demand for trucks accessories and returnable transport packaging products. Net sales of existing products decreased 7.7% while price increases and new products increased net sales by 4.7% in the fourth quarter of 2023 when compared to sales in the fourth quarter of 2022. New products included various truck mirror assemblies, rotary latches, D-rings, and mirror cams.

Sales of new products contributed 1.1% to sales growth in the fourth quarter of 2023 compared to 1.4% sales growth from new products in the fourth quarter of 2022. New products in the fourth quarter of 2023 included various new truck mirrors and truck latches.

Cost of products sold in the fourth quarter of 2023 decreased $8.5 million or 15% from the corresponding period in 2022. The decrease in cost of products sold is primarily attributable to lower sales volume, decreases in the cost of materials, lower freight costs, and a favorable adjustment to the LIFO reserve.

Gross margin as a percentage of net sales for the fourth quarter of 2023 was 26.8% compared to 16.6% in the prior year fourth quarter. The increase is primarily due to lower material and freight costs, improved pricing, and a favorable adjustment to the LIFO reserve in the fourth quarter of 2023 combined with other inventory write-offs in the fourth quarter of 2022.

Product development expenses increased $0.3 million, or 24%, in the fourth quarter of 2023 compared to the corresponding period in 2022 as we continue to invest in new products at Eberhard, Velvac and Big 3. As a percentage of net sales, product development costs were 2.0% for the fourth quarter of 2023 compared to 1.5% for the corresponding period in 2022.

Selling and administrative expenses in the fourth quarter of 2023 increased 19.9% compared to the fourth quarter of 2022. As a percentage of net sales, selling and administrative costs were 16.8% for the fourth quarter of 2023 compared to 13.6% for the corresponding period in 2022. The increase was primarily the result of increased payroll and payroll-related expenses, legal and professional, and selling costs.

Restructuring expenses of $0.7 million were recognized in the fourth quarter of 2022 due to a warehouse consolidation into Eberhard.

Net income for the fourth quarter of 2023 increased to $3.5 million, or $0.56 per diluted share, from $0.2 million, or $0.03 per diluted share, in 2022. In the fourth quarter of 2022, net income was negatively impacted by restructuring costs of $0.5 million, net of tax, related to a warehouse consolidation into Eberhard.

Fiscal Year 2023 Compared to Fiscal Year 2022

The following table shows, for fiscal year 2023 and fiscal year 2022, selected line items from the consolidated statements of income as a percentage of net sales for the Company’s operations. The Company’s continuing operations include (1) Big 3 Precision, including Big 3 Products, Big 3 Mold, Hallink Moulds and Associated Toolmakers Ltd.; (2) Eberhard Manufacturing Company, Eberhard Hardware, Eastern Industrial Ltd., Illinois Lock Company/CCL Security Products, World Lock Company Ltd., Dongguan Reeworld Security Products Ltd., and World Security Industries Ltd.; and (3) Velvac Holdings.

Summary

Net sales for 2023 decreased 2% to $273.5 million from $279.3 million in 2022. The sales decrease was primarily due to lower demand for truck accessories and returnable transport packaging products. Net sales of existing products decreased by 6% in 2023 compared to 2022 while price increases and new products increased net sales in 2023 by 4%. Sales of new products contributed 1% to sales growth in 2023 compared to 3% sales growth from new products in 2022. New products in 2023 included various new truck mirror assemblies, rotary latches, D-rings, and mirror cams.

Cost of products sold decreased $12.4 million or 6% to $208.2 million in 2023 from $220.6 million in 2022. The decrease in the cost of products sold is primarily attributable to lower sales volumes, decreases in the cost of materials, lower freight costs, and a favorable adjustment to the LIFO reserve. Tariffs incurred during 2023 were $2.2 million from China-sourced products as compared to $3.1 million in 2022. Most tariffs were recovered through price increases.

Gross margin as a percentage of sales was 24% in 2023 compared to 21% in 2022. The increase primarily reflects the impact of improved pricing and lower material and freight costs.

Product development expenses as a percentage of sales was 2.0% and 1.5% in 2023 and 2022, respectively, as the Company continues to invest in new products at Eberhard, Velvac and Big 3 to better serve our customers.

Restructuring expenses of $0.7 million were recognized in 2022 due to a warehouse consolidation into Eberhard.

Selling and administrative expenses increased $4.7 million or 12% to $44.2 million in 2023 from $39.5 million in 2022. The increase primarily relates to severance and other accrued compensation expenses of $1.8 million related to the elimination of the chief operating officer position and the departure of our previous chief executive officer during the first quarter of 2023 and legal, professional, and selling costs and payroll-related expenses. The increase in selling expenses reflects our investments in sales capabilities and changes in management personnel.

Net income for 2023 decreased 22% to $8.6 million, or $1.37 per diluted share, from $11.1 million, or $1.77 per diluted share, in 2022. In 2023, net income was negatively impacted by unfavorable pension cost adjustments of $1.1 million, $1.4 million expense associated with the closure of Associated Toolmakers Limited in the second quarter of 2023, and an unfavorable working capital adjustment of $0.4 million in the third quarter of 2023 related to the sale of the Greenwald business, partially offset by a $1.6 million favorable adjustment for the final settlement of our swap agreement with Santander in the second quarter of 2023. In 2022, net income was impacted by favorable pension cost adjustments of $1.8 million, restructuring costs of $0.5 million, net of tax, related to a warehouse consolidation into Eberhard, and  loss on sale of the Wheeling, IL building in the first quarter of 2022 of $0.2 million, net of tax, partially offset by a gain on sale of the Eastern corporate office building in the third quarter of 2022 of $0.5 million, net of tax.

Other Items

The following table shows the amount of change from the year ended December 31, 2022 to the year ended December 30, 2023 in other items (dollars in thousands):

Interest expense increased in 2023 from 2022 due to increased interest rates.

Other income and expense in 2023 decreased $3.2 million over 2022. Other income and expense in 2023 included an unfavorable $1.1 million pension cost adjustment, $1.4 million expense associated with the closure of Associated Toolmakers Limited in the second quarter of 2023, and an unfavorable working capital adjustment of $0.4 million in the third quarter of 2023 related to the sale of the Greenwald business, partially offset by a $1.6 million favorable adjustment for the final settlement of our swap agreement with Santander in the second quarter of 2023 and $0.7 million of other favorable items. In 2022, other income included a favorable $1.8 million pension cost adjustment, a $0.6 million gain on the sale of the Eastern corporate office building, and $0.4 million of other favorable items, partially offset by a $0.3 million loss on the sale of the Wheeling, IL building.

The effective tax rate for 2023 was 22% compared to the 2022 effective tax rate of 23%. Total income taxes paid were $6.6 million in 2023 and $3.7 million in 2022.

Liquidity and Sources of Capital

The primary source of the Company’s cash is earnings from operating activities adjusted for cash generated from or used for net working capital. The most significant recurring non-cash items included in net income are depreciation and amortization expense. Changes in working capital fluctuate with the changes in operating activities. As sales increase, there generally is an increased need for working capital. The Company closely monitors inventory levels and attempts to match production to expected market demand, keeping tight control over the collection of receivables, and optimizing payment terms on its trade and other payables. The maintenance of appropriate inventory levels considering demand has been and may continue to be challenged by supply chain disruptions, which have led in some cases to a deficiency inventory that has required us to pay expedited freight fees on some of our products to timely fulfill customer orders. Coupled with increased materials costs, this has decreased our margins. If these disruptions persist and we are unable to maintain sufficient inventory on hand, we may need to cancel or decline orders, and we may be unable to offset increased material and freight costs fully by increasing prices on our products, any of which could have a material adverse impact on our liquidity.

The Company is dependent on continued demand for its products and subsequent collection of accounts receivable from its customers. The Company serves a broad base of customers and industries with a variety of products. As a result, any fluctuations in demand or payment from a particular industry or customer should not have a material impact on the Company’s sales and collection of receivables. Management expects that the Company’s foreseeable cash needs for operations, capital expenditures, debt service and dividend payments will continue to be met in the next 12 months from December 30, 2023 and beyond by the Company’s operating cash flows and available credit facility.

The following table shows key financial ratios at the end of each fiscal year:

The following table shows important liquidity measures as of the fiscal year-end balance sheet date for each of the preceding two years (in millions):

All cash held by foreign subsidiaries is readily convertible into other currencies, including the U.S. dollar.

Net cash provided by operating activities was $26.5 million in 2023 compared to $7.4 million net cash provided by operating activities in 2022. In 2023, the Company contributed $1.3 million to its defined benefit retirement plan.

In 2023, reductions in working capital requirements provided $9.7 million, driven primarily reductions in accounts receivable and inventory. In 2022, cash used to support additional working capital requirements was $5.2 million.

The Company used $5.4 million for investing activities in 2023, and investing activities provided $5.1 million in 2022. In 2023, the Company invested $6.4 million in capital expenditures, invested $1.0 million in marketable securities, acquired a business for $0.4 million, and received payments on notes receivable of $2.4 million. In 2022, the Company sold a business associated with its discontinued operations for $5.8 million and two of its buildings for an aggregate of $2.2 million. The Company also issued a note receivable of $0.4 million as part of the sale of one of its buildings. These transactions are more fully discussed in Note 2 – Discontinued Operations in Item 8, Financial Statements of this Form 10-K. The Company invested in capital expenditures of $6.4 million and $3.4 million in 2023 and 2022, respectively. Capital expenditures in fiscal year 2024 are expected to be approximately $11.1 million.

In 2023, the Company made total debt payments of $79.7 million, of which $59.3 million was an accelerated principal payment and used $2.8 million for payment of dividends. The Company anticipates dividend payments in fiscal 2024 to be approximately $2.8 million. The Company has $30.0 million available on its revolving line of credit. See Note 6 - Debt in Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data for further discussion on the Company’s debt facilities.

In 2022, the Company made total debt payments of $17.5 million, of which $10.0 million was a repayment of the $10.0 million that had been drawn under the revolving credit facility during 2022 and used $2.8 million for payment of dividends.

The Company leases certain equipment and buildings under cancelable and non-cancelable operating leases that expire at various dates for up to ten years. Rent expenses amounted to approximately $4.0 million in 2023 and $3.3 million in 2022.

On June 16, 2023, the Company entered into a credit agreement with TD Bank, N.A., Wells Fargo Bank, Bank of America, and M&T Bank as lenders (the “Credit Agreement”), that included a $60 million term portion and a $30 million revolving commitment portion. The proceeds of the term loan were used to repay the Company’s remaining outstanding term loan and to terminate its existing credit facility with Santander Bank, N.A. (approximately $59 million). The term loan portion of the credit facility requires quarterly principal payments of (i) $750,000 beginning on September 30, 2023 through June 30, 2025, (ii) $1,125,000 beginning on September 30, 2025 through June 30, 2027, and (iii) $1,500,000 beginning on September 30, 2027 through March 31, 2028, with the balance of the term loan payable on the maturity date of June 16, 2028. Amounts outstanding under the revolving portion of the credit facility are generally due and payable on June 16, 2028, the expiration date of the Credit Agreement. The Company can elect to prepay some or all the outstanding balance from time to time without penalty. A commitment fee is payable on the unused portion of the revolving credit facility based on the Company’s consolidated ratio of net debt to adjusted EBITDA from time to time. Currently, the commitment fee is 0.30%.

The term loan bears interest at a variable rate based on the term secured overnight financing rate (“SOFR”), plus an adjustment of ten basis points, plus an applicable margin of 1.875% to 2.625%, depending on the Company’s senior net leverage ratio. Borrowings under the revolving portion bear interest at a variable rate based on, at the Company’s election, a base rate plus an applicable margin of 0.875% to 1.625% or term SOFR, plus an adjustment of ten basis points, plus an applicable margin of 1.875% to 2.625%, with such margins determined based on the Company’s senior net leverage ratio. The Company’s obligations under the Credit Agreement are secured by a lien on certain of the Company’s and its subsidiaries’ assets pursuant to a Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of June 16, 2023, with TD Bank, N.A., as administrative agent.

The Company’s loan covenants under the Credit Agreement require the Company to maintain a senior net leverage ratio not to exceed 3.5 to 1. In addition, the Company is required to maintain a fixed charge coverage ratio to be not less than 1.25 to 1. A decrease in earnings due to the impact of current economic conditions and inflationary pressures or the resulting harm to the financial condition of our customers, or an increase in indebtedness incurred to offset such a decrease in earnings, would have a negative impact on our senior net leverage ratio and our fixed charge coverage ratio, which in turn would increase the cost of borrowing under the Credit Agreement and could cause us to fail to comply with the covenants under our Covenant Agreement.

In addition to funding capital requirements, we may use available cash to pay down our indebtedness, to make investments, which may include investments in publicly traded securities, or to make acquisitions that we believe will complement or expand our existing businesses.

As of the end of the fourth quarter of 2023, the Company does not have any off-balance sheet arrangements that have or are reasonably likely to have a material current or future effect on the Company’s financial condition, changes in financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The non-GAAP financial measures we provide in this report should be viewed in addition to, and not as an alternative for, results prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

To supplement the consolidated financial statements prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we have presented Adjusted Net Income from Continuing Operations, Adjusted Earnings Per Share from Continuing Operations and Adjusted EBITDA from Continuing Operations, which are considered non-GAAP financial measures. The non-GAAP financial measures presented may differ from similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures presented by other companies, and other companies may not define these non-GAAP financial measures in the same way. These measures are not substitutes for their comparable U.S. GAAP financial measures, such as net sales, net income from continuing operations, diluted earnings per share from continuing operations, or other measures prescribed by U.S. GAAP, and there are limitations to using non-GAAP financial measures.

Adjusted Net Income from Continuing Operations is defined as net income from continuing operations excluding, when incurred, gains or losses that we do not believe reflect our ongoing operations, including, for example, the impacts of impairment losses, gains/losses on the sale of subsidiaries, property and facilities, transaction expenses primarily relating to acquisitions and divestitures, factory start-up costs, factory relocation expenses, executive severance, and restructuring costs. Adjusted Net Income from Continuing Operations is a tool that can assist management and investors in comparing our performance on a consistent basis across periods by removing the impact of certain items that management believes do not directly reflect our underlying operating performance.

Adjusted Earnings Per Share from Continuing Operations is defined as earnings per share from continuing operations excluding, when incurred, certain per share gains or losses that we do not believe reflect our ongoing operations, including, for example, the impacts of impairment losses, gains/losses on the sale of subsidiaries, property and facilities, transaction expenses primarily relating to acquisitions and divestitures, factory start-up costs, factory relocation expenses, executive severance, and restructuring costs. We believe that Adjusted Earnings Per Share from Continuing Operations provides important comparability of underlying operational results, allowing investors and management to access operating performance on a consistent basis from period to period.

Adjusted EBITDA from Continuing Operations is defined as net income from continuing operations before interest expense, provision for income taxes, and depreciation and amortization and excluding, when incurred, the impacts of certain losses or gains that we do not believe reflect our ongoing operations, including, for example, impairment losses, gains/losses on sale of subsidiaries, property and facilities, transaction expenses primarily relating to acquisitions and divestitures, factory start-up costs, factory relocation expenses, executive severance, and restructuring expenses. Adjusted EBITDA from Continuing Operations is a tool that can assist management and investors in comparing our performance on a consistent basis by removing the impact of certain items that management believes do not directly reflect our underlying operations.

Management uses such measures to evaluate performance period over period, to analyze the underlying trends in our business, to assess our performance relative to our competitors, and to establish operational goals and forecasts that are used in allocating resources. These financial measures should not be considered in isolation from, or as a replacement for, U.S. GAAP financial measures.

We believe that presenting non-GAAP financial measures in addition to U.S. GAAP financial measures provides investors greater transparency to the information used by our management for its financial and operational decision-making. We further believe that providing this information better enables our investors to understand our operating performance and to evaluate the methodology used by management to evaluate and measure such performance.