Sprinklr, Inc. (CXM) FY 2025 MD&A

Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. This discussion, particularly information with respect to our future results of operations or financial condition, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties as described under the heading “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Form 10-K. You should review the disclosure under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-K for a discussion of important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.

This section of our Form 10-K discusses our financial condition and results of operations for the fiscal years ended January 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 and year-to-year comparisons between fiscal 2025 and fiscal 2024. Year-to-year comparisons between fiscal 2024 and fiscal 2023 that are not included in this Form 10-K can be found in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Part II, Item 7 of our Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended January 31, 2024, filed on March 29, 2024.

Overview

Sprinklr is redefining the world’s ability to make every customer experience extraordinary.

We do this with our evolving enterprise software – Unified Customer Experience Management (“Unified-CXM”) – that enables customer-facing teams, from Customer Service to Marketing, to collaborate across internal silos, communicate across digital channels, and leverage AI to deliver better customer experiences at scale – all on one unified, AI-based platform. Sprinklr has four main product suites: Sprinklr Social, Sprinklr Insights, Sprinklr Marketing and our newest offering, Sprinklr Service. We believe that these four suites enable the world’s largest and leading brands to better reach, engage and listen to their customers on the channel of their choice. We continue to invest in the unified platform and develop new features and enhancements to each suite as our customers’ needs evolve.

Our Unified-CXM platform utilizes an architecture purpose-built for managing Customer Experience Management (“CXM”) data and is powered by proprietary AI, collaborative workflow, seamless automation, broad-based listening and customer-led governance to help enterprises analyze massive amounts of unstructured and structured data.

We generate revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our Unified-CXM platform and related professional services. Our platform includes products that are licensed on a per-user basis as well as products that are licensed based on different tiers of volume.

We believe that our Unified-CXM platform is highly effective for organizations of all sizes, and we have a highly diverse group of customers across a broad array of industries and geographies. We focus primarily on selling our platform to large global enterprises, as we believe that we have significant competitive advantages attracting and serving such organizations given their complex needs and the broad capabilities our platform offers.

Our customers include global enterprises across a broad array of industries and geographies, as well as marketing agencies and government departments along with non-profit and educational institutions. Our customers are located in over 80 countries, and our AI-based CXM platform recognizes over 150 languages. As of January 31, 2025, we had 1,930 customers spanning organizations of a broad range of sizes and industries, including 60% of the Fortune 100 companies, compared to 1,735 customers as of January 31, 2024. We define our large customers as customers with greater than or equal to $1.0 million in subscription revenue on a trailing 12-month basis, as of the period presented. As of January 31, 2025, we had 149 large customers compared to 126 as of January 31, 2024.

Key Business Metrics

We review a number of operating and financial metrics, including the following key metrics, to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate business plans and make strategic decisions.

RPO and cRPO

Remaining Performance Obligation (“RPO”) represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized and includes deferred revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized in future periods. Current RPO (“cRPO”) represents contracted revenue that has not yet been recognized and includes deferred revenue and amounts that will be invoiced and recognized in the next 12 months. As of January 31, 2025, our RPO was $987.7 million and our cRPO was $612.5 million. As of January 31, 2024, our RPO was $966.6 million and our cRPO was $587.0 million.

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Net Dollar Expansion Rate

We believe that net dollar expansion rate (“NDE”) is an indicator of the value that our platform delivers to customers. We calculate NDE to measure our ability to retain and expand subscription revenue from our existing customers. NDE compares our subscription revenue from the same set of customers across comparable periods and reflects customer renewals, expansion, contraction and churn. We calculate NDE by dividing (i) subscription revenue in the trailing 12-month period from those customers who were on our platform during the most recent prior 12-month period by (ii) subscription revenue from the same customers in the preceding prior 12-month period. This calculation is net of upsells, contraction, cancellation or expansion during the period but excludes subscription revenue from new customers. Our NDE, on a trailing 12-month basis, was 103.6% and 117.7% for the 12-month periods ended January 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. The decrease year-over-year was driven by elevated churn, exacerbated by the current macroeconomic environment.

Macroeconomic Considerations

Unfavorable conditions in the economy both in the United States and abroad may negatively affect the growth of our business and our results of operations. For example, macroeconomic events, including fluctuations in inflation and interest rates and the Russia-Ukraine and Israel-Hamas wars, have led to economic uncertainty globally. Historically, during periods of economic uncertainty and downturns, businesses may slow spending on information technology, which may impact our business and our customers’ businesses. While we have experienced growing inflationary pressures on the cost of wages, rent and data, the net result of inflationary impacts and our efforts to mitigate these impacts have not been material to us during the periods included in this report. In addition, general economic weakness may lead to longer collection cycles for payments due from our customers and an increase in customer provision for credit losses, as well as restructuring initiatives and associated expenses, and customers and potential customers may require extended financial concessions, which could result in adjustments to revenue recognition.

The effect of macroeconomic conditions may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. If, however, economic uncertainty increases or the global economy worsens, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be harmed. For further discussion of the potential impacts of macroeconomic events on our business, financial condition, and operating results, see the section titled “Risk Factors” included in Part I, Item 1A of this Form 10-K.

Components of Results of Operations

Revenue

We generate revenue from the sale of subscriptions to our Unified-CXM cloud-based software platform and related professional services.

Subscription revenue consists primarily of fees from customers accessing our proprietary Unified-CXM platform, as well as related support services. Subscription revenue is generally recognized ratably over the related contract term beginning on the commencement date of each contract, which is generally the date our service is made available to customers. Our subscriptions typically have a term of one to three years. Historically, we have experienced seasonality in our sales cycle, as a large percentage of our customers make their purchases in the fourth quarter of a given fiscal year and pay us in the first quarter of the subsequent year. This seasonality may be reflected to a much lesser extent, and sometimes may not be immediately apparent, in our revenue, due to the fact that we recognize subscription revenue over the term of the applicable subscription agreement.

Professional services revenue consists of fees associated with providing services that assist our customers with the configuration and optimization of our Unified-CXM software. These fees also include managed services fees where our consultants work as part of our customers’ teams to help leverage the subscription services to execute on their customer experience management goals and enablement services, which consist of initial design, configuration and education services.

Costs of Revenue

Costs of Subscription Revenue

Costs of subscription revenue consists primarily of costs to host our software platform, data costs, including cost of third-party data utilized in our platform, personnel-related expenses for our subscription and support operations personnel, including salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation, professional fees, software costs, travel expenses, the amortization of our capitalized internal-use software and allocated overhead expenses, including facilities costs for our subscription and support operations. We expect that costs of subscription revenue will increase in absolute dollars as we expand our customer base and make continued investments in our cloud infrastructure and support organization.

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Costs of Professional Services Revenue

Costs of professional services revenue consists primarily of personnel-related expenses for our professional services personnel. including salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation, professional fees, software costs, subcontractor costs, travel expenses and allocated overhead expenses, including facilities costs, for our professional services organization. We expect that our costs of professional services revenue will increase in absolute dollars as we continue to increase our use of partners in the delivery of implementation services and expand our customer base.

Gross Profit and Gross Margin

Gross profit is total revenue less total costs of revenue. Gross margin is gross profit expressed as a percentage of total revenue. We expect that gross profit and gross margin will continue to be affected by various factors, including our pricing, our mix of revenues and the costs required to deliver those revenues.

Our gross margin on subscription revenue is significantly higher than our gross margin on professional services revenue, and as a result our gross margin may vary from period to period if our mix of revenue or costs of revenue fluctuates. In addition, because personnel-related expenses represent the largest component in costs of professional services revenue, we may experience changes in our professional services gross margin due to the timing of delivery of those services. We expect that our gross margin will decline in the near term due to higher data and hosting costs and, in the long term, will vary from period to period.

Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist of research and development, sales and marketing and general and administrative expenses.

Research and Development Expense

Research and development expense consists primarily of costs relating to the maintenance, continued development and enhancement of our cloud-based software platform and includes personnel-related expense for our research and development organization, including salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation, professional fees, travel expenses and allocated overhead expenses, including facilities costs. Research and development expenses are expensed as incurred, except for internal-use software development costs that qualify for capitalization. We expect research and development expense to generally increase in absolute dollars as we continue to invest in enhancing and expanding the capabilities of our Unified-CXM platform.

Sales and Marketing Expense

Sales and marketing expense consists primarily of personnel-related expenses for our sales and marketing organization, including salaries, benefits, bonuses and stock-based compensation, professional fees, software costs, advertising, marketing, promotional and brand awareness activities, travel expenses and allocated overhead expense, including facilities costs. Sales commissions earned by our sales force are considered incremental and recoverable costs of obtaining a contract with a customer and are deferred and amortized on a straight-line basis over the expected period of benefit. In the near term, we expect sales and marketing expense to decrease as we work to right size our costs. In the long term, we expect sales and marketing expense to generally increase in absolute dollars as we continue to drive the growth of our business. We continue to optimize our sales and marketing expense and seek efficiencies in our investments.

General and Administrative Expense

General and administrative expense includes personnel-related expenses associated with administrative services, such as legal, human resources, information technology, accounting, and finance functions, as well as professional fees, software costs, travel expenses, provision for credit losses and allocated overhead expense, including facilities costs and any corporate overhead expenses not allocated to other expense categories.

We expect that our general and administrative expense will decrease in the near term as a result of cost saving initiatives and generally increase in absolute dollars in the long term as we continue to grow our business. We also anticipate that we will incur additional costs for employees and third-party consulting services, which may cause our general and administrative expense to fluctuate as a percentage of revenue from period to period.

Other Income, Net

Other income, net, consists of interest income on invested cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities, foreign currency transaction gains and losses and other expenses and gains.

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Provision for Income Taxes

Provision for income taxes consists primarily of income taxes related to foreign and U.S. jurisdictions in which we conduct business. Our annual estimated effective tax rate differed from the U.S. federal statutory rate in fiscal 2025 primarily due to the valuation allowance release on our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data for the periods indicated:

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The following table sets forth our consolidated statements of operations data expressed as a percentage of total revenue (1):

(1) Totals may not foot due to rounding.

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Comparison of Fiscal Years Ended January 31, 2025 and 2024

Revenue

The increase in subscription revenue was primarily due to increased revenue from existing customers driven by the purchase of additional quantities of current subscription solutions and additional add-on solutions within our platform, as well as demand for our solutions from new customers. Such growth was partially offset by certain existing customers purchasing fewer quantities of current subscription solutions within our platform as well as certain customers no longer subscribing to our platform, partially driven by macroeconomic conditions.

The increase in professional services revenue was primarily due to growth in both implementations and managed services related to CCaaS delivery capabilities.

Costs of Revenue and Gross Margin

The increase in costs of subscription revenue was primarily due to (i) higher costs related to third-party cloud infrastructure necessary to meet our increased customer demand, which included a $19.8 million increase in our data and hosting costs and (ii) a $3.2 million increase in the amortization of capitalized research and development costs.

The increase in costs of professional services revenue was primarily due to (i) an $11.7 million increase in subcontractor costs as a result of higher partner delivery costs associated with increased professional services revenue and (ii) higher personnel-related costs of $5.0 million as a result of increased headcount.

Gross margin for subscription decreased by three percentage points, primarily driven by increased costs associated with third-party cloud infrastructure and data. Gross margin for professional services decreased by five percentage points as we increased our investment in CCaaS delivery partners and personnel in fiscal year 2025 to support future growth in our CCaaS solution.

Research and Development Expense

The increase in research and development expense was primarily due to (i) an increase in software subscription costs of $1.3 million and (ii) an increase in rent and facilities expenses of $0.5 million. These increases were partially offset by (i) a $0.8 million decrease in travel and entertainment costs and (ii) a $0.5 million decrease in other research and development costs.

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Sales and Marketing Expense

Sales and marketing expense remained relatively flat during the year ended January 31, 2025 as compared to the prior-year period. However, the change included a $2.0 million decrease in severance and related costs as a result of fewer sales and marketing employees being included in the restructuring implemented during the year ended January 31, 2025 than the restructuring program implemented during the prior year, which was offset by an increase in travel and related costs of $1.9 million.

General and Administrative Expense

The increase in general and administrative expense was primarily due to (i) a $15.5 million increase in personnel-related costs driven by higher general and administrative headcount, as well as increased stock compensation expense, primarily related to new grants during fiscal year 2025, (ii) a $10.3 million increase in consulting costs primarily related to strategic projects and (iii) a $5.7 million increase in provision for credit losses due to increased reserves for certain customers that we deemed to be uncollectible accounts, as well as higher calculated loss rates applied to outstanding receivables.

Other Income, Net

The decrease in other income, net was primarily attributable to a $4.2 million decrease in interest income from our money market and short-term investment accounts as a result of lower average balances in these accounts, partially offset by higher average interest rates. This decrease was partially offset by a $2.0 million increase in net foreign currency gains.

(Benefit) Provision for Income Taxes

The decrease in (benefit) provision for income taxes was primarily related to the impact of an $87.1 million valuation allowance release of the Company’s U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets recorded in the year ended January 31, 2025.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

In addition to our results determined in accordance with U.S. GAAP, we believe that the following non-GAAP financial measures associated with our consolidated statements of operations are useful in evaluating our operating performance:

•Non-GAAP gross profit and non-GAAP gross margin

•Non-GAAP operating income and non-GAAP operating margin; and

•Non-GAAP net income and non-GAAP net income per share

We define these non-GAAP financial measures as the respective U.S. GAAP measures, excluding, as applicable, stock-based compensation expense and related charges, amortization of acquired intangible assets and release of U.S. federal and state valuation allowances, as well as other one-time charges and benefits, such as restructuring charges, costs associated with acquisitions, litigations and facility exit costs. We believe that it is useful to exclude these items in order to better understand the long-term performance of our core business and to facilitate comparison of our results to those of peer companies over multiple periods. In periods of net loss, we calculate non-GAAP net income per share by using non-GAAP net income divided by basic weighted average shares for the period regardless of whether we are in a non-GAAP net income or loss position and assuming that all potentially dilutive securities are anti-dilutive.

In addition, we believe that free cash flow is also a useful non-GAAP financial measure. Free cash flow is defined as net cash provided by operating activities less cash used for purchases of property and equipment and capitalized internal-use software. We believe that free cash flow is a useful indicator of liquidity as it measures our ability to generate cash, or our need to access additional sources of cash, to fund operations and investments. We expect our free cash flow to fluctuate in future periods with changes in our operating expenses and as we continue to invest in our growth. We typically experience higher billings in the fourth quarter compared to other quarters and experience higher collections of accounts receivable in the first half of the year, which results in a decrease in accounts receivable in the first half of the year.

However, non-GAAP financial measures have limitations in their usefulness to investors because they have no standardized meaning prescribed by U.S. GAAP and are not prepared under any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles. In addition, other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate similarly titled non-GAAP financial measures differently or may use other measures to evaluate their performance, all of which could reduce the usefulness of our non-GAAP financial measures as tools for comparison. As a result, our non-GAAP financial measures are presented for supplemental informational purposes only and should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for our consolidated financial statements presented in accordance with U.S. GAAP.

A reconciliation is provided below for each non-GAAP financial measure to the most directly comparable financial measure stated in accordance with GAAP:

(1) Employer payroll tax related to stock-based compensation for the years ended January 31, 2025, 2024, and 2023 was immaterial as to the impact to gross profit.

(2) Includes $1.1 million, $2.1 million and $1.2 million of employer payroll tax related to stock-based compensation expense for the years ended January 31, 2025, 2024 and 2023, respectively.

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Liquidity and Capital Resources

Overview

As of January 31, 2025, our principal sources of liquidity were $145.3 million of cash and cash equivalents and $338.2 million of highly liquid marketable securities. We believe that our existing cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities and cash from operations will be sufficient to meet our working capital needs, capital expenditures and financing obligations for at least the next 12 months and over the long-term. The majority of our cash is held in the United States and we do not anticipate a need to repatriate cash held outside of the United States. Further, it is our intent to indefinitely reinvest these funds outside the United States, and, therefore, we have not provided for any United States income taxes.

Cash Collateral Agreements and Restricted Cash

In April 2023, we entered into cash collateral agreements with Silicon Valley Bank in lieu of a letter of credit facility, which are associated with certain leases. Approximately $1.3 million is outstanding on these cash collateral agreements as of January 31, 2025, which we have therefore classified within restricted cash. As of January 31, 2025, $0.7 million of this restricted cash is recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets and $0.6 million is recorded within other non-current assets on the consolidated balance sheets.

Starting in 2023, we entered into cash collateral agreements with J.P. Morgan Bank in lieu of a credit facility, through which approximately $6.9 million is outstanding as of January 31, 2025. As of January 31, 2025, $1.0 million of this restricted cash is recorded within prepaid expenses and other current assets and $5.9 million is recorded within other non-current assets on the condensed consolidated balance sheets.

Share Repurchase Program

On January 8, 2024, we entered into an approved share repurchase program (the “2024 Share Repurchase Program”), whereby we could repurchase up to $100 million of our Class A common stock. On both March 26, 2024 and June 3, 2024, our board of directors approved an additional $100 million of repurchases under the 2024 Share Repurchase Program, bringing the total amount authorized for purchase under the 2024 Share Repurchase Program to $300 million.

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During the year ended January 31, 2024, we repurchased 2,400,338 shares of our Class A common stock for an aggregate cost of $29.6 million, including commissions. Additionally, we repurchased 25,460,052 shares of our Class A common stock for an aggregate cost of $271.0 million, including commissions, during year ended January 31, 2025. All of the shares repurchased have been returned to our authorized but unissued share reserve. During the second quarter of fiscal year 2025, we completed the full purchase authorization of $300 million under the 2024 Share Repurchase Program. For additional information regarding the 2024 Share Repurchase Program, see Note 10, Stockholders’ Equity, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements” of this Form 10-K.

Material Cash Requirements

Our expected material cash requirements consist of contractually obligated expenditures. We have agreements in place with data and service providers that require us to make certain minimum guaranteed purchase commitments through fiscal year 2030, which totaled $324.8 million as of January 31, 2025, of which $107.1 million is due within twelve months from January 31, 2025. In the normal course of business we may renew existing contracts throughout the year. In addition, we lease certain office facilities under operating lease arrangements that expire on various dates through fiscal year 2035. Refer to Note 8, Leases, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements” of this Form 10-K for a discussion of our leases. There were no other significant changes in our material cash requirements during fiscal 2025.

Future Funding Requirements

Our future capital requirements will depend on many factors, including our growth rate, the expansion of our direct sales force, strategic relationships and international operations, the timing and extent of spending to support research and development efforts and the continuing market acceptance of our solutions. We historically have expanded our business in part by investing in strategic growth initiatives, including acquisitions of products, technologies and businesses. We may finance such acquisitions using cash, debt, stock or a combination of the foregoing; however, we have used cash and stock as consideration for substantially all of our historical business acquisitions. We continually examine our options with respect to terms and sources of existing and future short-term and long-term capital resources to enhance our operating results and to ensure that we retain financial flexibility, and may from time to time elect to raise capital through the issuance of additional equity or the incurrence of debt. Sales of additional equity could result in dilution to our stockholders. If we raise funds by borrowing from third parties, the terms of those financing arrangements would require us to incur interest expense and may include negative covenants or other restrictions on our business that could impair our operating flexibility. We can provide no assurance that financing will be available at all or, if available, that we would be able to obtain financing on terms favorable to us. If we are unable to raise additional capital when needed, we would be required to curtail our operating activities and capital expenditures, and our business operating results and financial condition would be adversely affected.

Cash Flows

The following table shows a summary of our cash flows for the periods indicated:

Our net income (loss) and cash flows provided by operating activities are influenced significantly by our investments in headcount to support growth and in costs of revenue to deliver our services. Non-cash charges primarily include depreciation and amortization, provision for credit losses, stock-based compensation, non-cash lease expense, deferred income taxes and amortization/accretion on marketable securities. Our largest source of operating cash is cash collections from customers using our Unified-CXM platform and related services. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities are for employee-related costs, costs to deliver our revenue and marketing expenses.

We expect our free cash flow to fluctuate in future periods with changes in our operating expenses and as we continue to invest in our growth. We typically experience higher billings in the fourth quarter compared to other quarters, primarily due to higher renewal activity, and experience higher collections of accounts receivable in the first half of the year, which results in a decrease in accounts receivable in the first half of the year.

Operating Activities

For the fiscal year 2025, cash provided by operating activities was $77.6 million, which consisted of net income of $121.6 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of $2.5 million and $41.6 million of net cash flows used as a result of changes in operating assets and liabilities. The $41.6 million of net cash flows used as a result of changes in our operating assets and liabilities reflected a (i) $30.0

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million increase in accounts receivable due to billings outpacing collections, (ii) a $15.5 million increase in prepaid expenses and other current assets due to higher prepaid hosting and data costs, (iii) a $12.5 million decrease in accrued expenses and other current liabilities primarily due to lower bonus and commission accruals, (iv) a $9.6 million increase in other non-current assets due to higher capitalized commissions, and (v) a $7.0 million decrease in accounts payable due to timing of payments made. These decreases to cash flows from operations was partially offset by a $37.5 million increase in deferred revenue as a result of billings exceeding recognized revenue.

For the fiscal year 2024, cash provided by operating activities was $71.5 million, which consisted of net income of $51.4 million, adjusted for non-cash expenses of $65.9 million and $45.8 million net cash flows used as a result of changes in operating assets and liabilities. The $45.8 million of net cash flows used as a result of changes in operating assets and liabilities reflected (i) a $68.7 million increase in accounts receivable due to increased billings and the timing of invoices billed, (ii) a $25.6 million increase in other non-current assets driven by an increase in capitalized commissions, and (iii) an $8.0 million decrease in operating lease liabilities due to ongoing payments for leased properties. These decreases to cash flows from operations were partially offset by (i) a $49.8 million increase in deferred revenue resulting primarily from increased billings for subscriptions, (ii) an $8.7 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets driven by larger prepaid contracts in the prior fiscal year and (iii) a $3.3 million increase in accounts payable largely due to an overall increase in spend and the timing of payments due.

For the fiscal year 2023, cash provided by operating activities was $26.7 million resulting from net loss of $55.7 million offset by non-cash expenses of $75.7 million and $6.7 million net cash flow provided as a result of changes in operating assets and liabilities. The $6.7 million of net cash flows provided as a result of changes in our operating assets and liabilities reflected (i) a $41.5 million increase in deferred revenue resulting primarily from increased billings for subscriptions, (ii) a $29.1 million decrease in prepaid expenses and other current assets driven by larger prepaid contracts in the prior fiscal year, (iii) a $14.5 million increase in accounts payable largely due to the timing of payments due, and (iv) a $6.7 million increase in accrued expenses and other current liabilities. These changes were partially offset by (i) a $44.8 million increase in accounts receivable due to increased billings, (ii) a $24.4 million increase in other non-current assets driven by an increase in capitalized commissions, and (iii) the $12.0 million litigation settlement paid in March 2022.

Investing Activities

For the fiscal year 2025, net cash provided by investing activities was $154.1 million and primarily consisted of $568.7 million of sales and maturities of marketable securities, partially offset by $396.2 million of purchases of marketable securities.

For the fiscal year 2024, net cash used in investing activities was $110.6 million and primarily consisted of $604.6 million of purchases of marketable securities, partially offset by $514.4 million of sales and maturities of marketable securities.

For the fiscal year 2023, net cash used in investing activities was $193.5 million and primarily consisted of $816.7 million of purchases of marketable securities, partially offset by $639.7 million of sales and maturities of marketable securities.

Financing Activities

For the fiscal year 2025, net cash used in financing activities was $248.2 million, which consisted of payments for the 2024 Share Repurchase Program of $273.9 million, offset by $19.9 million of proceeds from the exercise of stock options and $5.8 million of proceeds from the purchase of stock under our 2021 Employee Stock Purchase Plan (“ESPP”).

For the fiscal year 2024, net cash provided by financing activities was $24.1 million, which consisted of proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $43.3 million and proceeds from the purchase of stock under our ESPP of $7.4 million, partially offset by payments for the repurchase of Class A common shares of $26.7 million.

For the fiscal year 2023, cash provided by financing activities was $35.0 million, which consisted of proceeds from the exercise of stock options of $24.7 million and proceeds from the purchase of stock under our ESPP of $10.2 million.

Critical Accounting Estimates

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. The preparation of the consolidated financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets, liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods.

Critical accounting estimates are those estimates that, in accordance with GAAP, involve a significant level of estimation uncertainty and have had or are reasonably likely to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements. Management has determined that our most critical accounting estimates are those relating to revenue recognition and stock-based compensation expense, including historical common stock valuations and performance-based award valuations. We evaluate our estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis using historical experience and other factors and adjust those estimates and assumptions when facts and circumstances dictate. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates and assumptions.

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Our significant accounting policies are more fully described in Note 2, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements” of this Form 10-K.

Revenue Recognition

At times, revenue recognition requires judgment, especially for our arrangements that include multiple performance obligations, or deliverables, such as arrangements that include promises to transfer multiple subscription services, premium support, professional services and managed services. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract with a customer to transfer products or services that are distinct. Determining whether products and services are distinct performance obligations that should be accounted for separately or combined as one unit of accounting may require judgment.

Subscription services are distinct as such offerings are often sold separately. In determining whether professional services are distinct, we consider the following factors for each professional services agreement: availability of the services from other vendors, the nature of the professional services, the timing of when the professional services contract was signed in comparison to the subscription start date and the contractual dependence of the service on the customer’s satisfaction with the professional services work. To date, we have concluded that professional services included in contracts with multiple performance obligations are generally distinct.

The determination of standalone selling price (“SSP”) for each distinct performance obligation requires judgement. We rarely sell our enterprise cloud software products and services as readily observable standalone sales, so we are required to estimate the SSP for each performance obligation. In the determination of the SSP, we may use information that includes contractually stated prices, size of the arrangement, list prices and other observable inputs. Based on these results, the estimated SSP is set for each distinct product or service delivered to customers. As our go-to-market strategies evolve, we may modify our pricing strategies in the future, which could result in changes to SSP.

There were no material changes in the estimates or assumptions used to recognize revenue during the year ended January 31, 2025.

Stock-Based Compensation

We measure and record the expense related to stock-based awards based upon the fair value at the date of grant. We estimate the grant date fair value of each common stock option using the Black-Scholes Merton method, which requires the input of subjective assumptions and management’s best estimates. The assumptions used, including (i) fair value of the underlying common stock, (ii) expected volatility, (iii) expected term, (iv) risk-free interest rate and (v) dividend yield, and how they are estimated is detailed within Note 11, Stock-Based Compensation, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements” of this Form 10-K.

Historical Common Stock Valuations

For all periods prior to the Initial Public Offering (“IPO”), the fair values of our common stock were determined by our board of directors, with input from management and taking into account our most recent valuations from an independent third-party valuation specialist. Given the absence of a public trading market for our common stock, our board of directors exercised reasonable judgment and considered a number of objective and subjective factors to determine the best estimate of the fair value of our common stock, including our stage of development; the rights, preferences and privileges of our convertible preferred stock relative to those of our common stock; our financial condition and operating results, including our levels of available capital resources; equity market conditions affecting comparable public companies; general U.S. market conditions; recent secondary stock sales and a tender offer and the lack of marketability of our common stock. Valuations of our common stock were determined in accordance with the guidelines outlined in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Practice Guide, Valuation of Privately-Held-Company Equity Securities Issued as Compensation.

Performance and Market-Based Award Valuations

For awards granted that vest upon the achievement of market conditions, we estimate the grant date fair value of these units using a Monte Carlo Simulation. The simulation models multiple stock price paths in order to estimate the grant date fair value of those with market conditions. For those awards with market conditions, stock-based compensation will be recognized regardless of if the market targets were achieved. However, if the grantee does not continue their employment through the derived service period, all related stock-based compensation for that individual was reversed in the period of termination. For awards granted that vest upon the achievement of certain performance conditions, we estimate the fair value of these units using the Company share price on the date of grant. Once the performance conditions are deemed probable, stock-based compensation recognition begins and is recognized over the service period. If at any point the performance conditions are deemed not probable, any expense recognized to date will be reversed.

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Income Taxes

We have determined that it is more likely than not that our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets will be realizable as of January 31, 2025. In determining the need, or continued need, for a valuation allowance, we considered the weighting of the positive and negative evidence, which includes, among other things, recent historical income and losses, future growth, forecasted earnings and future taxable income. As of January 31, 2025, we achieved three years cumulative U.S. income when considering pre-tax income adjusted for permanent differences and other comprehensive losses. Based on all available positive and negative evidence, having demonstrated sustained profitability, which is objective and verifiable, and taking into account anticipated future earnings, we concluded that it is more likely than not that our U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets will be realizable. See Note 13, Income Taxes, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements” of this Form 10-K for additional information.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Refer to Note 2, Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in “Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements” of this Form 10-K for more information regarding recently. issued accounting pronouncements.