Coherus Oncology, Inc. (CHRS) Business

Item 1.   Business

Overview

We are a fully integrated commercial-stage innovative oncology company with an approved next-generation programmed death receptor-1 (“PD-1”) inhibitor, LOQTORZI® (toripalimab-tpzi), and a pipeline that includes two mid-stage clinical candidates targeting liver,  head and neck, colorectal and other cancers. Our strategy is to grow sales of LOQTORZI in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (“NPC”) and advance the development of new indications for LOQTORZI in combination with both our pipeline candidates as well as our partners, driving sales multiples and synergies from proprietary combinations. On May 29, 2025, we changed our corporate name from “Coherus BioSciences, Inc.” to “Coherus Oncology, Inc.” to better align with our exclusive focus on proprietary innovative immuno-oncology medicines following the completion of the recent divestitures of our biosimilar businesses.

On October 27, 2023, we announced that LOQTORZI was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and as monotherapy for the treatment of adults with recurrent unresectable, or metastatic NPC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. LOQTORZI is an anti-PD-1 antibody that we developed in collaboration with Junshi Biosciences Co., Ltd. (“Junshi Biosciences”) that is currently the only immune checkpoint inhibitor approved by the FDA for the treatment of these indications that is commercially available in the United States. We announced the launch of LOQTORZI in the U.S. on January 2, 2024. Further evaluation of LOQTORZI is expected through multiple current and planned clinical studies by us, Junshi Biosciences and our biopharma partners.

Our pipeline comprises two mid-stage clinical candidates aimed at overcoming immune resistance in cancer. We plan to develop each of them in combination with LOQTORZI as well as in partnership with other companies with immune activating or cancer agents. Our clinical stage product candidate casdozokitug (CHS-388, formerly SRF388) is an investigational antagonist antibody targeting IL-27, an immune regulatory cytokine, that is overexpressed in certain cancers, including hepatocellular, lung and renal cell carcinoma. Casdozokitug received orphan drug designation from the FDA for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (“HCC”) in October 2020. The lead indication for casdozokitug is 1L HCC, and it is currently being studied in a randomized Phase 2 study in HCC evaluating casdozokitug in combination with toripalimab and bevacizumab (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT06679985).

Our second clinical-stage product candidate, tagmokitug (CHS-114, formerly SRF114), is an investigational afucosylated IgG1 antibody targeting CCR8, a chemokine receptor highly expressed on regulatory T cells (“Treg cells”) in the tumor microenvironment (“TME”). We are enrolling patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (“HNSCC”) in the U.S. in a clinical trial evaluating safety and pharmacokinetics of tagmokitug with and without LOQTORZI (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT05635643). We have also initiated a multiregional Phase 1b clinical study of tagmokitug in combination with toripalimab and/or other treatments in participants with advanced solid tumors including several cohorts including 2L upper GI adenocarcinoma, 2L esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (“ESCC”), 1LESCC, and Phase 2a cohort evaluating 4L+ colorectal cancer (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT06657144). We have planned a clinical study evaluating tagmokitug in combination with pasritamig (a T cell engaging bispecific antibody targeting KLK2) in metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer.

Coherus is executing a coordinated initiative to onshore the biomanufacturing process for LOQTORZI, casdozokitug and tagmokitug to the United States.

We have scientific expertise, manufacturing capabilities, and U.S.-based experience across oncology clinical development, regulatory affairs, sales, and medical affairs, which have supported the commercialization of LOQTORZI. We expect to leverage these capabilities as we continue to advance our immuno-oncology franchise.

We commercialize LOQTORZI in the United States, and we have global rights to develop and commercialize casdozokitug and tagmokitug.

Product and Product Candidates

Our portfolio includes the following product and product candidates:

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On December 11, 2023 we announced that NCCN updated the clinical practice guidelines for NPC to include LOQTORZI as a preferred, category 1 first-line treatment option for adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced NPC when used in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine. On November 26, 2024, NCCN made a further update to the clinical practice guidelines for NPC to specify that LOQTORZI is the only preferred category 1 first-line treatment option for adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced NPC when used in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine. The guidelines also recommend LOQTORZI monotherapy as the only preferred treatment in subsequent lines of therapy with disease progression on or after a platinum-containing therapy.

Further evaluation of LOQTORZI is expected through multiple current and planned clinical studies by us and our partners. We have a post marketing commitment study active and enrolling patients in locations in the U.S. and Canada in order to further evaluate the safety and efficacy of toripalimab in combination with chemotherapy (cisplatin and gemcitabine) in patients with advanced NPC (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT06457503). Junshi Biosciences has an active multiregional Phase 3 clinical study evaluating the treatment of LOQTORZI with its investigational anti-BTLA antibody in LS-SCLC (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT06095583). INOVIO Pharmaceuticals, Inc. plans a randomized Phase 3 study of INO-3112 and toripalimab in locally advanced, high risk HPV16/18+ oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Research Institute is evaluating toripalimab in combination with ENB Therapeutics’ investigational agent ENB-003 in its Phase 2 trial titled, “Immunotherapy Platform Study in Platinum Resistant High Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer (IPROC)” (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT04918186) that is being performed in collaboration with Canadian Cancer Trials Group. STORM Therapeutics, Ltd. is evaluating its METTL3 inhibitor STC-15 in combination with LOQTORZI in a Phase 1b/2 study (clinicaltrials.gov identifier# NCT06975293) for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma, and endometrial cancer. On June 27, 2024, we entered into a license Agreement with Apotex, Inc. (“Apotex”), pursuant to which, we granted to Apotex an exclusive license under our rights to toripalimab to commercialize toripalimab within Canada (“Canada License Agreement”). On October 23, 2025, Health Canada approved LOQTORZI for the treatment of recurrent unresectable or metastatic NPC.

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On February 4, 2026, we announced a clinical supply agreement with Janssen Research & Development, LLC (“Janssen”), to evaluate tagmokitug in combination with pasritamig, a T-cell engaging bispecific antibody, in a Phase 1b clinical study in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (“mCRPC”). Under the terms of the clinical supply agreement,

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Janssen will provide pasritamig to us, and we will be the sponsor of the Phase 1b clinical trial. Janssen and us each retain all commercial rights to our respective compounds, including as monotherapy or as combination treatments.

Oncology Franchise Market Opportunity

LOQTORZI Opportunity

Immuno-oncology agents, and the PD-1/PD-L1 class in particular, have shifted the treatment paradigm across a broad range of tumors, and across the continuum of cancer settings (metastatic to early stage). Clinical adoption of PD-1/PD-L1 therapies has been driven by the proven versatility of certain therapies within the class to be used as a monotherapy, as well as combination therapy with targeted agents such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors, chemotherapy, or other immunotherapy agents to achieve durable tumor responses and improved survival benefits, with acceptable toxicity profiles. The improved safety profile observed for approved PD-L1 therapies versus chemotherapy enables these therapies to be used as a backbone therapy in a broad array of combination regimens.

On October 27, 2023, we announced that LOQTORZI was approved by the FDA in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced NPC (“RM-NPC”), and as monotherapy for the treatment of adults with recurrent, unresectable, or metastatic NPC with disease progression on or after platinum-containing chemotherapy. LOQTORZI is an anti-PD-1 antibody that we developed in collaboration with Junshi Biosciences. We announced the launch of LOQTORZI in the U.S. on January 2, 2024.

LOQTORZI is a novel next-generation PD-1 monoclonal antibody that blocks PD-1 ligands PD-L1 and PD-L2 with high potency at a unique site on the PD-1 receptor, enabling the immune system to activate and kill the tumor.

NPC is a type of aggressive cancer that starts in the nasopharynx, the upper part of the throat behind the nose and near the base of the skull. NPC is rare in the United States, with an annual incidence of fewer than one per 100,000 people. The five-year survival rate for all patients diagnosed with NPC is approximately 60%, however, those who are diagnosed with advanced disease have a five-year survival rate of approximately 49%.

Due to the location of the primary tumor, surgery is rarely an option, and, before the launch of LOQTORZI, patients with localized disease were treated primarily with radiation and chemotherapy. Patients treated with chemotherapy alone experience poor prognosis: only 20% experience one-year progression-free survival; up to 50% developed distant metastasis during their disease course; and low median overall survival (“OS”) of 29 months.

We estimate that there are up to 2,000 RM-NPC patients who are eligible for LOQTORZI, which translates into a $250 million market opportunity.

LOQTORZI is the first FDA-approved therapy for RM-NPC. It represents a new standard of care for treating the disease when used in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine in the first line setting or as monotherapy in the second line or greater setting. On December 11, 2023 we announced that NCCN updated the clinical practice guidelines for NPC to include LOQTORZI as a preferred, category 1 first-line treatment option for adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced NPC when used in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine. On November 26, 2024, NCCN made a further update to the clinical practice guidelines for NPC to specify that LOQTORZI is the only preferred category 1 first-line treatment option for adults with metastatic or recurrent locally advanced NPC when used in combination with cisplatin and gemcitabine. The guidelines also recommend LOQTORZI monotherapy as the only preferred treatment in subsequent lines of therapy if disease progression on or after a platinum-containing therapy.

The NCCN recommendations were based on results of the JUPITER-02 Phase 3 study and the POLARIS-02 Phase 2 study. In the JUPITER-02 Phase 3 study, LOQTORZI combined with chemotherapy significantly improved progression-free survival, reducing the risk of disease progression or death by 48% compared to chemotherapy alone. LOQTORZI also demonstrated a statistically significant and clinically meaningful improvement in overall survival, with treatment resulting in a 37% reduction in the risk of death versus chemotherapy alone. In the POLARIS-02 clinical study, LOQTORZI demonstrated durable anti-tumor activity in patients with recurrent or metastatic NPC who failed previous chemotherapy, with an objective response rate of 20.5%, a disease control rate of 40%, and a median overall survival of 17.4 months with an acceptable safety profile. In December 2025, six-year overall survival follow-up results from the JUPITER-02 trial were presented at the European Society of Medical Oncology (“ESMO”) Asia. These findings reveal a durable survival advantage for LOQTORZI plus gemcitabine+cisplatin over chemotherapy alone as a first line treatment for RM-NPC. In this exploratory post-hoc analysis, patients receiving LOQTORZI plus gemcitabine and cisplatin achieved a median overall survival of 64.8 months, nearly double that of chemotherapy alone (33.7 months), representing a 31-month improvement and an observed 38% reduction in risk of death (HR 0.62; 95% CI, 0.45-0.85).

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Sales and Marketing

Our current overarching commercial strategy with LOQTORZI is to establish a new standard of care for eligible patients with RM-NPC. Our execution plan is anchored on three growth drivers: accelerating new patient share through strong healthcare professional engagement and patient identification, ensuring LOQTORZI educational messaging is delivered at the time of treatment decision, and optimizing the duration of LOQTORZI treatment. Our educational efforts are focused on communicating the proven superior overall survival benefit of LOQTORZI to physicians that still treat RM-NPC with chemotherapy alone and, reinforcing LOQTORZI’s position as the only approved and available IO treatment for these patients.

We sell and distribute LOQTORZI in the U.S. and Puerto Rico, exclusively through the wholesale (Specialty Distribution) channel. During the year ended December 31, 2025, approximately 99% of LOQTORZI revenues were from three large wholesale distributors: McKesson Corporation, Cencora, Inc., and Cardinal Health, Inc.

For a discussion of risks related to sales and marketing, see “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Launch and Commercialization of our Product and our Product Candidates.”

Scientific, Clinical and Regulatory

We have a depth of scientific, oncology clinical and regulatory expertise in the United States, which has supported the commercialization of LOQTORZI. We expect to further leverage these capabilities as we continue to advance our immuno-oncology pipeline.

For a discussion of risks related to scientific, clinical and regulatory matters, see “Risk Factors— Risks Related to Launch and Commercialization of our Product and our Product Candidates, and Risks Related to Reliance on Third Parties, and Risks Related to the Discovery and Development of Our Product Candidates.”

Manufacturing

We have entered into agreements with several contract manufacturing organizations (“CMOs”) for the manufacture and clinical drug supply of our commercial product and product candidates. We continue to screen other contract manufacturers to meet our clinical, commercial and regulatory supply requirements on a product-by-product basis. We are executing a coordinated initiative to onshore the biomanufacturing process for LOQTORZI, casdozokitug and tagmokitug to the United States.

For a discussion of risks related to manufacturing our product and our reliance on third parties, see “Risk Factors— Risks Related to Manufacturing and Supply Chain” and “Risk Factors—Risks Related to Reliance on Third Parties.”

Competition

While we believe that our knowledge, experience and scientific resources provide us with competitive advantages, we face competition from many different sources. We operate in a highly competitive environment. Such competition includes larger and better-funded pharmaceutical, generic pharmaceutical, specialty pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies commercializing and developing immuno-oncology and biosimilar products that would compete with our product and the product candidates in our pipeline.

LOQTORZI faces a competitive market in the United States where a number of anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody drugs have been approved by the FDA, including the following marketed products from several competitors: Keytruda® (pembrolizumab) from Merck & Co., Inc. (“Merck”), Opdivo® (nivolumab) from Bristol-Myers Squibb Company (“BMS”), Tecentriq® (atezolizumab) from Genentech, Inc. (“Genentech”), Imfinzi® (durvalumab) from AstraZeneca plc (“AstraZeneca”), Bavencio® (avelumab) from EMD Serono Inc. and Pfizer, Libtayo® (cemiplimab-rwlc) from Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Regeneron”), Jemperli (dostarlimab-gxly) from GlaxoSmithKline plc (“GlaxoSmithKline”) and TEVIMBRA® (tislelizumab-jsgr) from BeiGene, Ltd. In addition to LOQTORZI, multiple other competitors are seeking to develop and approve novel anti-PD-1 or PD-L1 antibody drugs in the United States in the coming years, including but not limited to camrelizumab from Elevar Therapeutics, Inc. (in collaboration with Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd.).

On April 23, 2025, the Food and Drug Administration approved penpulimab-kcqx, manufactured by Akeso Biopharma Co., Ltd. (“Akeso”) with cisplatin or carboplatin and gemcitabine for the first-line treatment of adults with recurrent or metastatic non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma. FDA also approved penpulimab-kcqx as a single agent for adults with metastatic non-keratinizing NPC with disease progression on or after platinum-based chemotherapy and at least one other prior line of therapy. To date, Akeso has not launched penpulimab in the United States.

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As the only immunotherapy approved by the FDA for the treatment of NPC that is available in the United States, we believe LOQTORZI addresses a potentially high unmet need.

Casdozokitug is in development and is the only antagonist antibody in development known to us that is targeting the immune regulatory cytokine IL-27. If approved, it faces competition from other immuno-oncology products that are currently approved and that may be approved in the future.

Tagmokitug is in development and, if approved, faces competition from programs in development specifically targeting CCR8, including those by BMS, Gilead Sciences, Inc. (“Gilead”) / Jounce Therapeutics, Inc. (“Jounce”), Shionogi Inc. (“Shinogi”), AbbVie Inc. (“AbbVie”), Bayer AG, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. (“Bayer”), Amgen Inc. (“Amgen”), LaNova Medicines Ltd. (“LaNova”) and Nanjing Immunophage Biotech Co., Ltd. (“Nanjing”) in addition to competition from other immuno-oncology products that are currently approved and that may be approved in the future.

We expect any products that we develop and commercialize directly or with partners to compete on the basis of, among other things, the strength of clinical efficacy and safety data, price and the availability of reimbursement from government and other third-party payers. Our competitors also may obtain FDA or other regulatory approval for their products more rapidly than we may obtain approval for ours, which could result in our competitors establishing a strong market position before we are able to enter the market. For a discussion of risks related to our competition, see “Risk Factors— Risks Related to Competitive Activity.”

Collaboration and License Agreements

Settlement and License Agreements with Pfizer

In October 2019, we entered into a license and settlement agreement with Pfizer relating to Coherus’ patents and applications for patents directed to Humira (adalimumab) formulations.

License Agreement with Junshi Biosciences

On February 1, 2021, we entered into the Collaboration Agreement with Junshi Biosciences for the co-development and commercialization of toripalimab, Junshi Biosciences’ anti-PD-1 antibody in the United States and Canada (the “Collaboration Agreement”).

Under the terms of the Collaboration Agreement, we paid $150.0 million upfront for exclusive rights to LOQTORZI in the United States and Canada, an option in these territories to Junshi Biosciences’ anti-TIGIT antibody CHS-006, an option in these territories to a next-generation engineered IL-2 cytokine, and certain negotiation rights to two undisclosed preclinical immuno-oncology drug candidates. We are obligated to pay Junshi Biosciences a royalty in the low twenty percent range on net sales of LOQTORZI and up to an aggregate $380.0 million in one-time payments for the achievement of various regulatory and sales milestones, of which $12.5 million was paid as of December 31, 2024 and another $12.5 million was paid in January 2025.

In March 2022, we paid $35.0 million to exercise our option to license CHS-006. Subsequent joint development consistent with the Collaboration Agreement commenced. On January 10, 2024, we announced that we had delivered a notice of termination of the TIGIT Program (as defined in the Collaboration Agreement) to Junshi Biosciences pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement. Under the Collaboration Agreement, we retain the right to collaborate in the development of LOQTORZI and the other licensed compounds and will pay for a portion of these co-development activities. Additionally, we are responsible for certain associated regulatory and technology transfer costs for LOQTORZI and other licensed compounds and will reimburse Junshi Biosciences for such costs. On June 27, 2024, we entered into the Canada License Agreement pursuant to which, we granted to Apotex an exclusive license under our rights to toripalimab to commercialize toripalimab within Canada.

We made milestone payments to Junshi Biosciences of $12.5 million in the second quarter of 2024 and another $12.5 million in January of 2025. The accrued royalty obligation to Junshi Biosciences was $4.7 million and $1.5 million as of December 31, 2025 and 2024, respectively. Additional milestone payments and royalties are contingent upon future events and, therefore, will be recorded if and when it becomes probable that a milestone will be achieved, or when an option fee or royalties are contractually payable.

Adimab Development and Option Agreement

In October 2018, Surface Oncology, Inc. (“Surface”), which we acquired in September 2023 (the “Surface Acquisition”), and Adimab LLC (“Adimab”), entered into an amended and restated development and option agreement, which was subsequently amended on December 16, 2020, June 1, 2022 and July 18, 2022 (the “A&R Adimab Agreement”), for the discovery and optimization of proprietary

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antibodies as potential therapeutic product candidates. Under the A&R Adimab Agreement, we will select biological targets against which Adimab will use its proprietary platform technology to research and develop antibody proteins using a mutually agreed upon research plan. The A&R Adimab Agreement, among other things, provided access to additional antibodies and expanded our right to evaluate and use antibodies that were modified or derived using Adimab technology for diagnostic purposes.

Adimab granted us an exclusive option to obtain a non-exclusive, worldwide, fully paid-up, sublicensable license under Adimab’s platform patents and other Adimab technology solely to research up to ten antibodies, chosen by us against a specific biological target for a specified period of time (the “Research Option”). In addition, Adimab granted us an exclusive option to obtain a worldwide, royalty-bearing, sublicensable license under Adimab platform patents and other Adimab technology to exploit, including commercially, 20 or more antibodies against specific biological targets (the “Commercialization Option”). Upon the exercise of a Commercialization Option, and payment of the applicable option fee to Adimab, Adimab will assign us the patents that cover the antibodies selected by such Commercialization Option. We will be required to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, seek market approval of, and commercialize at least one antibody against the target covered by the Commercialization Option in specified markets upon the exercise of a Commercialization Option.

Under the A&R Adimab Agreement, we are obligated to make milestone payments and to pay specified fees upon the exercise of the Research Option or Commercialization Option. Upon exercise of a Research Option, we are obligated to pay a nominal research maintenance fee on each of the next four anniversaries of the exercise. Upon the exercise of each Commercialization Option, we will be required to pay an option exercise fee of a low seven-digit dollar amount, and we may be responsible for remaining potential milestone payments up to an aggregate of $10.5 million for each licensed product that receives marketing approval. For any licensed product that is commercialized, we are obligated to pay Adimab tiered royalties of a low to mid single-digit percentage on worldwide net sales of such product. We may also partially exercise a Commercialization Option with respect to ten antibodies against a biological target by paying 65% of the option fee and later either (i) paying the balance and choosing additional antibodies for commercialization, up to the maximum number under the Commercialization Option, or (ii) foregoing the Commercialization Option entirely. For any Adimab diagnostic product that is used with or in connection with any compound or product other than a licensed antibody or licensed product, we are obligated to pay Adimab up to a low seven digits in regulatory milestone payments and low single-digit royalties on net sales. No additional payment is due with respect to any companion diagnostic or any diagnostic product that does not contain any licensed antibody.

License Agreement with Vaccinex

On March 23, 2021, Surface and Vaccinex, Inc. (“Vaccinex”) entered into an exclusive product license agreement (the “Vaccinex License Agreement”) to exclusively license certain antibodies, including tagmokitug. Pursuant to the terms of the Vaccinex License Agreement, we have a worldwide, exclusive, sublicensable license to make, have made, use, sell, offer to sell, have sold, import and otherwise exploit licensed products that incorporate certain Vaccinex intellectual property which covers certain antibodies (each, a “Vaccinex Licensed Product”), including the antibody tagmokitug targeting CCR8.

Under the Vaccinex License Agreement, we are obligated to use commercially reasonable efforts to develop, clinically test, achieve regulatory approval, manufacture, market and commercialize at least one Vaccinex Licensed Product and have the sole right to develop, manufacture and commercialize the licensed products worldwide. We are responsible for all costs and expenses of such development, manufacturing and commercialization. Vaccinex is eligible to receive potential remaining milestones up to $2.0 million based on the achievement of certain clinical milestones, excluding a $1.0 million milestone payment accrued at December 31, 2025, and up to $11.5 million based on the achievement of certain regulatory milestones per Vaccinex Licensed Product. We also owe low single-digit royalties on global net sales of any approved licensed products.

As of December 31, 2025, we accrued a $1.0 million milestone payment to Vaccinex related to the achievement of a clinical milestone, which was paid in January 2026. Any additional milestone payments and royalties under the Vaccinex License Agreement are contingent upon the achievement of future development, regulatory, or commercial events and will be recorded if and when it becomes probable that a milestone will be achieved, or when royalties are contractually payable.

GSK Out-licensing Agreement

In December 2020, Surface entered into the GSK Agreement. Pursuant to the GSK Agreement, Surface granted GSK a worldwide exclusive, sublicensable license to develop, manufacture and commercialize antibodies that target PVRIG, including the antibody GSK4381562 (the “Licensed Antibodies”). GSK was responsible for the development, manufacturing and commercialization of the Licensed Antibodies and a joint development committee was formed to facilitate information sharing. GSK was responsible for all costs and expenses of such development, manufacturing and commercialization and was obligated to provide us with updates on its development, manufacturing and commercialization activities through the joint development committee. In March 2022, Surface earned a $30.0 million

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milestone payment from GSK upon the dosing of the first patient in the Phase 1 trial of GSK4381562. GSK terminated the GSK Agreement effective December 16, 2025. Coherus has elected not to pursue further development of the Licensed Antibodies.

License Agreement with Apotex

On June 27, 2024, we entered into the Canada License Agreement pursuant to which, we granted to Apotex an exclusive license under our rights to toripalimab to commercialize toripalimab within Canada. Pursuant to the Canada License Agreement, Apotex paid the Company an upfront payment of $6.3 million United States Dollars. In addition, Apotex agreed to pay the Company up to an aggregate of $51.5 million Canadian Dollars in milestone payments in connection with the achievement of certain regulatory and sales milestones with respect to toripalimab in Canada. Apotex also agreed to pay the Company a low twenty percent range on future net sales of toripalimab in Canada as running royalties, which the Company subsequently pays through to Junshi Biosciences pursuant to the Collaboration Agreement.

Apotex received Health Canada approval for LOQTORZI for the treatment of recurrent unresectable or metastatic nasopharyngeal cancer in October 2025. The Canada License Agreement term continues until the tenth year after the first commercial sales of toripalimab in Canada, which occurred in January 2026, subject to an extension for a subsequent ten-year term at the option of Apotex. Apotex may terminate the Canada License Agreement for any reason after a specified notice period. The Canada License Agreement will terminate automatically if the rights granted to the Company by the Collaboration Agreement are terminated, if there is a material breach that is not cured, if there are certain challenges to licensed patents by Apotex and in the case of certain insolvency events.

Intellectual Property

Our commercial success depends in part on our ability to avoid infringing the proprietary rights of third parties. Additionally, our commercial success may depend on our ability to obtain and maintain proprietary protection for our technologies where applicable and to prevent others from infringing our proprietary rights. We seek to protect our proprietary technologies by, among other methods, filing United States and international patent applications on these technologies, inventions and improvements that are important to our business. We also rely on trade secrets, know-how and continuing technological innovation to develop and maintain our proprietary position.

The term of individual patents depends upon the legal term of the patents in countries in which they are obtained. In most countries, including the United States, the patent term is generally 20 years from the earliest date of filing a non-provisional patent application in the applicable country. In the United States, a patent’s term may, in certain cases, be lengthened by patent term adjustment, which compensates a patentee for administrative delays by the United States Patent and Trademark Office (“USPTO”) in examining and granting a patent or may be shortened if a patent is terminally disclaimed over a commonly owned patent or a patent naming a common inventor and having an earlier expiration date.

In the normal course of business, we pursue patent protection for inventions related to our product candidates. Each patent family includes United States patent applications and/or issued patents, and some include foreign counterparts to certain of the United States patents and patent applications. Our patent portfolio includes issued or pending claims directed to formulations, methods of manufacturing biological proteins, and drug products and devices, including their methods of use and methods of manufacture.

For a discussion of risks related to our proprietary technology and processes, see “Risk Factors — Risks Related to Intellectual Property.”

Government Regulation

Our operations and activities are subject to extensive regulation by numerous government authorities in the United States, the European Union (the “E.U.”) and other countries, including laws and regulations governing the testing, manufacture, safety, efficacy, labeling, storage, record keeping, approval, advertising and promotion of our product. As a result of these regulations, product development and product approval processes are very expensive and time consuming. The regulatory requirements applicable to drug development and approval are subject to change. Any legal and regulatory changes may impact our operations in the future. A country’s regulatory agency, such as the FDA in the United States, must approve a drug before it can be sold in the respective country or countries. The general process for drugs and biologics approval in the United States is summarized below. Many other countries, including countries in the E.U., have similar regulatory structures.

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FDA Approval Process for Drugs and Biologics

Our product and product candidates are subject to regulation in the United States by the FDA as biological products or as drug product candidates. The FDA subjects drugs and biologics to extensive pre- and post-market regulation pursuant to the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (“FFDCA”) and its implementing regulations, and in the case of biologics, the FFDCA and the Public Health Service Act (“PHSA”) and their implementing regulations. In addition, we are subject to other federal and state statutes and regulations. These laws and regulations govern, among other things, the research, development, testing, manufacture, storage, recordkeeping, approval, labeling, promotion and marketing, distribution, post-approval monitoring and reporting, sampling and import and export of drugs and biologics. Failure to comply with applicable United States requirements may subject a company to a variety of administrative or judicial sanctions, such as FDA refusal to approve a pending biologics license application (“BLA”) or new drug application (“NDA”), withdrawal of approvals, clinical holds, warning letters, product recalls, product seizures, total or partial suspension of production or distribution, injunctions, fines, civil penalties or criminal penalties.

The process required by the FDA before a new biologic or drug may be marketed in the United States is long, expensive and inherently uncertain. Biologic and drug development in the United States typically involves the completion of certain preclinical laboratory and animal tests in accordance with good laboratory practices (“GLP”), the submission to the FDA of an IND, which must become effective before clinical testing may commence, the performance of adequate and well-controlled clinical trials to establish the safety and effectiveness of the biologic or drug for each indication for which FDA approval is sought in compliance with good clinical practice (“GCP”) requirements, the submission to the FDA of an original BLA under Section 351(a) of the PHSA (“original BLA”) or an NDA, as appropriate, satisfactory completion of an FDA inspection of the manufacturing facility or facilities at which the drug or biologic is produced, and FDA approval and review of the original BLA or NDA. Developing the data to satisfy FDA pre-market approval requirements typically takes many years and the actual time required may vary substantially based upon the type, complexity and novelty of the product or disease.

Preclinical tests include laboratory evaluation of product chemistry, formulation and toxicity, as well as, when applicable, animal studies to assess the characteristics and potential safety and efficacy of the product. The conduct of the preclinical tests must comply with federal regulations and requirements, including GLP. An IND is a request for allowance from the FDA to administer an investigational drug or biologic to humans. The central focus of an IND submission is on the general investigational plan and the protocol(s) for human studies, although the IND must also include the results of preclinical testing and animal testing assessing the toxicology, pharmacokinetic, pharmacology and pharmacodynamic characteristics of the product along with other information, including information about product chemistry, manufacturing and controls and a proposed clinical trial protocol. Long-term preclinical tests, such as animal tests of reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity, may continue after the IND is submitted.

An IND must become effective before United States clinical trials may begin. A 30-day waiting period after the submission of each IND is required prior to the commencement of clinical testing in humans. If during the 30-day waiting period the FDA raises concerns or questions related to the proposed clinical studies, the sponsor and the FDA must resolve any outstanding concerns or questions before clinical studies can begin. If the FDA has neither commented on nor questioned the IND within this 30-day period, the clinical trial proposed in the IND may begin.

Clinical trials involve the administration of the investigational new drug or biologic to healthy volunteers or patients with the condition under investigation, all under the supervision of a qualified investigator. Clinical trials must be conducted: (i) in compliance with federal regulations; (ii) in compliance with GCP requirements, which are designed to protect the rights and health of patients and to define the roles of clinical trial sponsors, administrators and monitors; as well as (iii) under protocols detailing the objectives of the trial, the parameters to be used in monitoring safety and the effectiveness criteria to be evaluated. Each protocol involving testing on United States patients and subsequent protocol amendments must be submitted to the FDA as part of the IND. While the IND is active, progress reports summarizing the results of the clinical trials and nonclinical studies performed since the last progress report, among other information, must be submitted at least annually to the FDA, and written IND safety reports must be submitted to the FDA and investigators for serious and unexpected suspected adverse events, findings from other studies suggesting a significant risk to humans exposed to the same or similar drugs, findings from animal or in vitro testing suggesting a significant risk to humans, and any clinically important increased incidence of a serious suspected adverse reaction compared to that listed in the protocol or investigator brochure.

Human clinical trials for novel drugs and biologics are typically conducted in three sequential phases that may overlap or be combined.

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Post-approval trials, sometimes referred to as “Phase 4” clinical trials, may be conducted after initial marketing approval. These trials are used to gain additional experience from the treatment of patients in the intended therapeutic indication. In certain instances, the FDA may mandate the performance of such “Phase 4” clinical trials.

The FDA may order the temporary or permanent discontinuation of a clinical trial at any time or impose other sanctions if it believes that the clinical trial either is not being conducted in accordance with FDA requirements or presents an unacceptable risk to the clinical trial patients. The study protocol and informed consent information for patients in clinical trials must also be submitted to an institutional review board (“IRB”), for approval. An IRB may also require the clinical trial at the site to be halted, either temporarily or permanently, for failure to comply with the IRB’s requirements or may impose other conditions. The study sponsor may also suspend a clinical trial at any time on various grounds, including a determination that the subjects or patients are being exposed to an unacceptable health risk.

Concurrent with clinical trials, sponsors usually complete additional animal safety studies, develop additional information about the chemistry and physical characteristics of the product candidate and finalize a process for manufacturing commercial quantities of the product candidate in accordance with current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) requirements. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and the manufacturer must develop methods for testing the quality, purity and potency of the product candidate. To help reduce the risk of the introduction of adventitious agents with use of biological products, the PHSA emphasizes the importance of manufacturing control for products whose attributes cannot be precisely defined. The manufacturing process must be capable of consistently producing quality batches of the product candidate and, among other criteria, the sponsor must develop methods for testing the identity, strength, quality, potency and purity of the final biological product. Additionally, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the biological product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its shelf life. Additionally, for both NDA and BLA products, appropriate packaging must be selected and tested, and stability studies must be conducted to demonstrate that the product candidate does not undergo unacceptable deterioration over its proposed shelf-life.

Assuming successful completion of all required testing in accordance with all applicable regulatory requirements, detailed information regarding the investigational product is submitted to the FDA in the form of a BLA or NDA requesting approval to market the product for one or more indications. The BLA or NDA must include all relevant data available from pertinent preclinical and clinical trials, including negative or ambiguous results as well as positive findings, together with detailed information relating to the product’s chemistry, manufacturing, controls, and proposed labeling, among other things. Data can come from company-sponsored clinical studies intended to test the safety and effectiveness of a use of the product, or from a number of alternative sources, including studies initiated by investigators. Under the Prescription Drug User Fee Act (the “PDUFA”) as amended, each original BLA or NDA must be accompanied by a significant user fee. Fee waivers or reductions are available in certain circumstances, such as where a waiver is necessary to protect the public health, where the fee would present a significant barrier to innovation, where the product candidate has received orphan drug designations for the sought indication or where the applicant is a small business submitting its first human therapeutic application for review.

Within 60 days following submission of the application, the FDA reviews an original BLA or NDA submitted to determine if it is substantially complete before the agency accepts it for filing. The FDA may refuse to file any original BLA or NDA that it deems incomplete or not properly reviewable at the time of submission, and may request additional information. In this event, the original BLA or NDA must be resubmitted with the additional information. The resubmitted application also is subject to review before the FDA accepts it for filing. Once the submission is accepted for filing, the FDA begins an in-depth substantive review of the original BLA or NDA. The FDA reviews the original BLA to determine, among other things, whether the proposed product is safe, pure and potent for its intended use, and has an acceptable purity profile, and in the case of an NDA, whether the product is safe and effective for its intended use, and in each case, whether the product is being manufactured in accordance with cGMP. The FDA may refer applications for novel products or products that present difficult questions of safety or efficacy to an advisory committee, typically a panel that includes clinicians and other experts, for review, evaluation and a recommendation as to whether the application should be approved and under what conditions. The FDA is not bound by the recommendations of an advisory committee, but it considers such recommendations carefully when making decisions. The FDA’s goal is to review standard applications within ten months after the filing date, or, if the application qualifies for priority review, six months after the FDA accepts the application for filing (“Priority Review”). A BLA or NDA is eligible for Priority Review if the product or the product candidate has the potential to provide a significant improvement in the treatment, diagnosis or prevention of a serious disease or

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condition compared to marketed products. In both standard and Priority Reviews, the review process may also be extended for a three-month period by the FDA to review additional information deemed a major amendment to the application.

During the product approval process, the FDA also will determine whether a risk evaluation and mitigation strategy (“REMS”) is necessary to assure the safe use of the product. If the FDA concludes a REMS plan is needed, the sponsor of the original BLA or NDA must submit a proposed REMS plan. The FDA will not approve an original BLA or NDA without a REMS plan, if required. In determining whether a REMS plan is necessary, the FDA must consider the size of the population likely to use the drug or biologic, the seriousness of the disease or condition to be treated, the expected benefit of the drug or biologic, the duration of treatment, the seriousness of known or potential adverse events, and whether the drug or biologic is a new molecular entity. A REMS plan may be required to include various elements, such as a medication guide or patient package insert, a communication plan to educate health care providers of the risks, limitations on who may prescribe or dispense the drug or biologic, or other measures that the FDA deems necessary to assure the safe use of the drug or biologic. In addition, the REMS plan must include a timetable to assess the strategy at 18 months, three years, and seven years after the strategy’s approval, or at another frequency specified in the REMS.

The FDA will not approve the application unless it determines that the manufacturing processes and facilities are in compliance with cGMP requirements and adequate to assure consistent production of the product within required specifications. Additionally, before approving an original BLA or NDA, the FDA will typically inspect one or more clinical sites to ensure compliance with GCP. After the FDA evaluates an original BLA or NDA and conducts any inspections in the U.S. or internationally that it deems necessary, the FDA may issue an approval letter or a Complete Response Letter (“CRL”). An approval letter authorizes commercial marketing of the product with specific prescribing information for specific indications. A CRL indicates that the review cycle of the application is complete, and the application is not ready for approval. A CRL may require additional clinical data and/or an additional clinical trial or trials, and/or other significant, expensive and time-consuming requirements related to clinical trials, preclinical trials or manufacturing. Even if such additional information is submitted, the FDA may ultimately decide that the original BLA or NDA does not satisfy the criteria for approval.

Even if a product receives regulatory approval, the approval may be significantly limited to specific indications and dosages or the indications for use may otherwise be limited, which could restrict the commercial value of the product. Further, the FDA may require that certain contraindications, warnings or precautions be included in the product labeling. The FDA may impose restrictions and conditions on product distribution, prescribing, or dispensing in the form of a risk management plan, or otherwise limit the scope of any approval. In addition, the FDA may require post marketing clinical trials, sometimes referred to as “Phase 4” clinical trials, designed to further assess a biological product’s safety and effectiveness, and testing and surveillance programs to monitor the safety of approved products that have been commercialized.

Expedited Development and Review Programs

The FDA has a number of programs intended to expedite the development or review of a marketing application for an investigational drug or biologic. For example, the fast track designation program is intended to expedite or facilitate the process for developing and reviewing product candidates that meet certain criteria. Specifically, investigational drugs and biologics are eligible for fast track designation if they are intended to treat a serious or life-threatening disease or condition and demonstrate the potential to address unmet medical needs for the disease or condition. The sponsor of a fast track product candidate has opportunities for more frequent interactions with the applicable FDA review team during product development and, with regard to a fast track product candidate, the FDA may consider for review sections of the NDA or original BLA on a rolling basis before the complete application is submitted, if the sponsor provides a schedule for the submission of the sections of the NDA or original BLA, the FDA agrees to accept sections of the NDA or original BLA and determines that the schedule is acceptable, and the sponsor pays any required user fees upon submission of the first section of the NDA or original BLA.

A product candidate can also receive breakthrough therapy designation if preliminary clinical evidence indicates that the product candidate, alone or in combination with one or more other drugs or biologics, may demonstrate substantial improvement over existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints, such as substantial treatment effects observed early in clinical development. The designation includes all of the fast track program features, as well as more intensive FDA interaction and guidance beginning as early as Phase 1 and an organizational commitment to expedite the development and review of the product candidate, including involvement of senior managers.

Separately, an NDA or original BLA is eligible for Priority Review if the product candidate is designed to treat a serious condition, and if approved, would provide a significant improvement in safety or efficacy compared to available therapies. The FDA will attempt to direct additional resources to the evaluation of a NDA or original BLA designated for Priority Review in an effort to facilitate the review. The FDA endeavors to review applications with Priority Review designations within six months of the filing date as compared to ten months for review of new molecular entity NDAs and original BLAs under its current PDUFA review goals.

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In addition, depending on the design of the applicable clinical trials, a product candidate may be eligible for accelerated approval. Specifically, drugs and biologics intended to treat serious or life-threatening diseases or conditions may be eligible for accelerated approval upon a determination that the product candidate has an effect on a surrogate endpoint that is reasonably likely to predict clinical benefit, or on a clinical endpoint that can be measured earlier than irreversible morbidity or mortality, that is reasonably likely to predict an effect on irreversible morbidity or mortality or other clinical benefit, taking into account the severity, rarity, or prevalence of the condition and the availability or lack of alternative treatments. As a condition of approval, the FDA generally requires that a sponsor of a drug or biologic receiving accelerated approval perform adequate and well-controlled confirmatory clinical trials, and may require that such confirmatory trials be underway prior to granting accelerated approval. Drugs or biologics receiving accelerated approval may be subject to expedited withdrawal procedures if the sponsor fails to conduct the required confirmatory trials in a timely manner or if such trials fail to verify the predicted clinical benefit. In addition, the FDA requires as a condition of accelerated approval pre-approval of promotional materials, which could adversely impact the timing of the commercial launch of the product.

Fast track designation, breakthrough therapy designation, Priority Review, and accelerated approval do not change the standards for approval but may expedite the development or approval process. Even if a product candidate qualifies for one or more of these programs, the FDA may later decide that the product no longer meets the conditions for qualification or decide that the time period for FDA review or approval will not be shortened.

Orphan drug designation

Under the Orphan Drug Act, the FDA may grant orphan designation to a drug or biologic intended to treat a rare disease or condition, which is a disease or condition that affects fewer than 200,000 individuals in the United States or, if it affects more than 200,000 individuals in the United States, there is no reasonable expectation that the cost of developing and making the product available in the United States for this type of disease or condition will be recovered from sales of the product. Orphan designation must be requested before submitting an NDA or BLA. After the FDA grants orphan designation, the identity of the therapeutic agent and its potential orphan use are disclosed publicly by the FDA. Orphan designation does not convey any advantage in or shorten the duration of the regulatory review and approval process.

If a product that has orphan designation subsequently receives the first FDA approval for the disease or condition for which it has such designation, the product is entitled to orphan product exclusivity, which means that the FDA may not approve any other applications –including full NDAs or BLAs–  to market the same drug for the same approved indication or use within such disease or condition for seven years, except in limited circumstances, such as a showing of clinical superiority to the product with orphan exclusivity in the relevant indication or inability to manufacture the product in sufficient quantities. The designation of such drug or biologic also entitles a party to financial incentives such as opportunities for grant funding towards clinical trial costs, tax advantages and user-fee waivers. However, competitors, may receive approval of different products for the indication or use for which the orphan product has exclusivity, or obtain approval for the same product but for a different indication or use for which the orphan product has exclusivity. Orphan exclusivity also could block the approval of a competing product for seven years within the relevant indication or use if a competitor obtains approval of the “same drug,” as defined by the FDA, or if the active ingredient of the product candidate is determined to be contained within the competitor’s product. In addition, if an orphan designated product receives marketing approval for a disease or condition broader than what is designated, it may not be entitled to orphan exclusivity.

Advertising and Promotion

Once an NDA or BLA is approved, the product will be subject to continuing post-approval regulatory requirements, including, among other things, requirements relating to recordkeeping, periodic reporting, product sampling and distribution, advertising and promotion and reporting of adverse experiences with the product. For instance, the FDA closely regulates the post-approval marketing and promotion of biologics, including standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, off-label promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities and promotional activities involving the internet. Failure to comply with these regulations can result in significant penalties, including the issuance of warning letters directing a company to correct deviations from FDA standards, a requirement that future advertising and promotional materials be pre-cleared by the FDA and federal and state civil and criminal investigations and prosecutions.

Biologics and drugs may be marketed only for the approved indications and in accordance with the provisions of the approved labeling. After approval, most changes to the approved product, including changes in indications, labeling or manufacturing processes or facilities, require submission and FDA approval of a new marketing application or supplement to the approved marketing application before the change can be implemented. A supplement for a new indication typically requires clinical data similar to that in the original application, and the FDA uses the same procedures and actions in reviewing supplements as it does in reviewing original application. There are also continuing annual program user fee requirements for marketed products.

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Adverse Event Reporting and GMP Compliance

Adverse event reporting and submission of periodic reports are required following FDA approval of a marketing application. The FDA also may require post-market testing, including Phase 4 testing, implementation of a REMS, and/or surveillance to monitor the effects of an approved product, or the FDA may place conditions on an approval that could restrict the distribution or use of the product. In addition, manufacturing, packaging, labeling, storage and distribution procedures must continue to conform to cGMPs after approval. Manufacturers and certain of their subcontractors are required to register their establishments with the FDA and certain state agencies. Registration with the FDA subjects entities to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA, during which the agency inspects manufacturing facilities to assess compliance with cGMPs. Accordingly, manufacturers must continue to expend time, money and effort in the areas of production and quality control to maintain compliance with cGMPs. Regulatory authorities may withdraw product approvals, request product recalls or impose marketing restrictions through labeling changes or product removals if a company fails to comply with regulatory standards, if it encounters problems following initial marketing or if previously unrecognized problems are subsequently discovered.

The FDA may withdraw approval if compliance with regulatory requirements and standards is not maintained or if problems occur after the product reaches the market. Later discovery of previously unknown problems with a product, including adverse events of unanticipated severity or frequency or with manufacturing processes or failure to comply with regulatory requirements, may result in revisions to the approved labeling to add new safety information; imposition of post-market studies or clinical studies to assess new safety risks; or imposition of distribution restrictions or other restrictions under a REMS program. Other potential consequences include, among other things:

Other Healthcare Laws and Compliance Requirements

We are subject to healthcare regulation and enforcement by the federal government and the states and foreign governments in which we conduct our business. These laws include, without limitation, state and federal anti-kickback, fraud and abuse, false claims, privacy and security and transparency laws and regulations.

The federal Anti-Kickback Statute prohibits, among other things, any person from knowingly and willfully offering, soliciting, receiving or providing remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce either the referral of an individual, for an item or service or the purchasing or ordering of a good or service, for which payment may be made under federal healthcare programs such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs. The Anti-Kickback Statute is subject to evolving interpretations. In the past, the government has enforced the Anti-Kickback Statute to reach large settlements with healthcare companies based on sham consulting and other financial arrangements with physicians. Further, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statutes or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation. The majority of states also have anti-kickback laws, which establish similar prohibitions and in some cases, may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third-party payer, including commercial insurers.

Additionally, federal civil and criminal false claims laws, including the civil False Claims Act, prohibit knowingly presenting or causing the presentation of a false, fictitious or fraudulent claim for payment to the United States government. Actions under the False Claims Act may be brought by the Attorney General or as a qui tam action by a private individual in the name of the government. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the federal False Claims Act. Violations of the False Claims Act can result in very significant monetary penalties and treble damages. The federal government is using the False Claims Act, and the accompanying threat of significant liability, in its investigation and prosecution of pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies throughout the country, for example, in connection with the promotion of products for unapproved uses and other sales and marketing practices. The government has obtained multi-million and multi-billion dollar settlements under the False Claims Act in addition to individual criminal convictions

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under applicable criminal statutes. Given the significant size of actual and potential settlements, it is expected that the government will continue to devote substantial resources to investigating healthcare providers’ and manufacturers’ compliance with applicable fraud and abuse laws.

The federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law prohibits, among other things, the offering or transferring of remuneration to a Medicare or Medicaid beneficiary that the person knows or should know is likely to influence the beneficiary’s selection of a particular supplier of Medicare or Medicaid payable items or services. Noncompliance with such beneficiary inducement provision of the federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law can result in civil money penalties for each wrongful act, assessment of three times the amount claimed for each item or service and exclusion from the federal healthcare programs.

Federal and state government price reporting laws require manufacturers to calculate and report complex pricing metrics to government programs. Such reported prices may be used in the calculation of reimbursement and/or discounts on marketed products. Participation in these programs and compliance with the applicable requirements subject manufacturers to potentially significant discounts on products, increased infrastructure costs, and potentially limit the ability to offer certain marketplace discounts.

In addition, there has been a recent trend of increased federal and state regulation of payments made to physicians and other healthcare providers. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended by the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (collectively, the “ACA”), among other things, imposed reporting requirements on drug manufacturers for payments made by them to physicians (defined to include doctors, dentists, optometrists, podiatrists, chiropractors, certain non-physician practitioners (physician assistants, nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists, certified registered nurse anesthetists, anesthesiologist assistants, and certified nurse midwives)) and teaching hospitals, as well as ownership and investment interests held by such physicians and their immediate family members. Failure to submit required information may result in significant civil monetary penalties for any payments, transfers of value or ownership or investment interests that are not timely, accurately and completely reported in an annual submission, and additional penalties for “knowing failures.” Certain states also mandate implementation of commercial compliance programs, impose restrictions on pharmaceutical manufacturer marketing practices and/or require the tracking and reporting of gifts, compensation and other remuneration to physicians.

The federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act, and their implementing regulations (“HIPAA”) created new federal criminal statutes that prohibit among other actions, knowingly and willfully executing, or attempting to execute, a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program, including private third‑party payers, knowingly and willfully embezzling or stealing from a healthcare benefit program, willfully obstructing a criminal investigation of a healthcare offense, and knowingly and willfully falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any materially false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the federal Anti‑Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it in order to have committed a violation.

Some states also require pharmaceutical companies to comply with the pharmaceutical industry’s voluntary compliance guidelines and the relevant compliance guidance promulgated by the federal government and require manufacturers to report information related to payments and other transfers of value to healthcare providers and institutions as well as marketing expenditures and pricing information.

The shifting commercial compliance environment and the need to build and maintain robust systems to comply with different compliance and/or reporting requirements in multiple jurisdictions increase the possibility that a healthcare company may violate one or more of the requirements. A violation of any of such laws or any other applicable governmental regulations may result in penalties, including, without limitation, civil and criminal penalties, damages, fines, the curtailment or restructuring of our operations, exclusion from participation in federal and state healthcare programs, additional reporting obligations and oversight if the government requires a corporate integrity agreement or other agreement to resolve allegations of non-compliance with these laws, and/or imprisonment.

Data Privacy and Security

Numerous state, federal and foreign laws, regulations and standards govern the collection, use, access to, confidentiality and security of health-related and other personal information, and could apply now or in the future to our operations or the operations of our partners. In the United States, numerous federal and state laws and regulations, including data breach notification laws, health information privacy and security laws and consumer protection laws and regulations govern the collection, use, disclosure and protection of health-related and other personal information. In addition, certain foreign laws govern the privacy and security of personal data, including health-related data. Privacy and security laws, regulations and other obligations are constantly evolving, may conflict with each other to

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complicate compliance efforts and can result in investigations, proceedings or actions that lead to significant civil or criminal penalties or both and restrictions on data processing.

Pharmaceutical Coverage, Pricing and Reimbursement

In the United States and other countries, sales of LOQTORZI and any other products for which we receive regulatory approval for commercial sale will depend in part on the availability of coverage and reimbursement from third-party payers, including government health administrative authorities, managed care providers, private health insurers and other organizations. Third-party payers are increasingly examining the medical necessity and cost effectiveness of medical products and services in addition to safety and efficacy and, accordingly, significant uncertainty exists as to the reimbursement status of newly approved therapeutics. In addition, the United States government, state legislatures and foreign governments have continued implementing cost-containment programs, including price controls, restrictions on coverage and reimbursement and requirements for substitution of generic products. Adoption of price controls and cost-containment measures and adoption of more restrictive policies in jurisdictions with existing controls and measures could further limit our net revenue and results. A significant portion of our sales are subject to substantial discounts to list price, including rebates we may be required to pay to Medicaid agencies or discounts we may be required to pay to 340B covered entities. Decreases in third-party reimbursement for LOQTORZI or other products for which we receive regulatory approval or a decision by a third-party payer to not cover our products could reduce physician utilization of our products and have a material adverse effect on our sales, results of operations and financial condition.

Government Price Reporting

Medicaid is a joint federal and state program for low-income and disabled beneficiaries. Medicare is a federal program that is administered by the federal government covering individuals age 65 and over as well as those with certain disabilities. Under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program (“MDRP”), as a condition of having federal funds available for our covered outpatient drugs under Medicaid and under Medicare Part B, we must enter into, and have entered into, an agreement with the Secretary of Health and Human Services to pay a rebate to state Medicaid programs for each unit of our covered outpatient drugs dispensed to a Medicaid beneficiary and paid for by the state Medicaid program. Medicaid rebates are based on pricing data that we are required to report on a monthly and quarterly basis to the U.S. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”), the federal agency that administers the MDRP and Medicare programs. For the MDRP, these data include the average manufacturer price (“AMP”) for each drug and, in the case of innovator products, the “Best Price”, which represents the lowest price available from us to any wholesaler, retailer, provider, health maintenance organization, nonprofit entity, or governmental entity in the United States in any pricing structure, calculated to include all applicable sales and associated rebates, discounts and other price concessions. In connection with Medicare Part B, we must provide CMS with Average Sales Price (“ASP”) information on a quarterly basis. CMS uses this information to compute Medicare Part B payment rates, which consist of ASP plus a specified percentage. If we become aware that our MDRP submissions for a prior period were incorrect or have changed as a result of recalculation of the pricing data, we must resubmit the corrected data for up to three years after those data originally were due. If we fail to provide information timely or are found to have knowingly submitted false information to CMS, we may be subject to civil monetary penalties and other sanctions, including termination from the MDRP.

Federal law requires that a manufacturer that participates in the MDRP also participate in the Public Health Service’s 340B drug pricing program in order for federal funds to be available for the manufacturer’s drugs under Medicaid and Medicare Part B. The 340B program is administered by the Health Resources and Services Administration (“HRSA”) and requires us to agree to charge statutorily defined covered entities no more than the 340B “ceiling price” for our covered outpatient drugs when used in an outpatient setting. 340B covered entities include a variety of community health clinics and other entities that receive health services grants from the Public Health Service, as well as hospitals that serve a disproportionate share of low-income patients. The 340B ceiling price is calculated using a statutory formula, which is based on the AMP and rebate amount for the covered outpatient drug as calculated under the MDRP. In general, products subject to Medicaid price reporting and rebate liability are also subject to the 340B ceiling price requirement. We must report 340B ceiling prices to HRSA on a quarterly basis, and HRSA publishes them to 340B covered entities. HRSA has finalized regulations regarding the calculation of the 340B ceiling price and the imposition of civil monetary penalties on manufacturers that knowingly and intentionally overcharge covered entities for 340B eligible drugs. HRSA has also finalized an administrative dispute resolution process through which 340B covered entities may pursue claims against participating manufacturers for overcharges.

In order to be eligible to have drug products paid for with federal funds under Medicaid and Medicare Part B and purchased by certain federal agencies and grantees, a manufacturer must also participate in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”) Federal Supply Schedule (“FSS”) pricing program. Under the VA FSS program, we must report the Non-Federal Average Manufacturer Price (“Non-FAMP”) for our covered drugs to the VA and charge certain federal agencies no more than the “Federal Ceiling Price”, which is calculated based on Non-FAMP using a statutory formula. These four agencies are the VA, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Coast Guard, and the U.S. Public Health Service (including the Indian Health Service). We must also pay rebates on products purchased by military personnel

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and dependents through the TRICARE retail pharmacy program. If a manufacturer participating in the FSS program fails to provide timely information or is found to have knowingly submitted false information, the manufacturer may be subject to civil monetary penalties.

Individual states continue to consider and have enacted legislation to limit the growth of healthcare costs, including the cost of prescription drugs and combination products. A number of states have either implemented or are considering implementation of drug price transparency legislation. Requirements under such laws include advance notice of planned price increases, reporting price increase amounts and factors considered in taking such increases, wholesale acquisition cost information disclosure to prescribers, purchasers, and state agencies, and new product notice and reporting. Such legislation could limit the price or payment for certain drugs, and a number of states are authorized to impose civil monetary penalties or pursue other enforcement mechanisms against manufacturers for the untimely, inaccurate, or incomplete reporting of drug pricing information or for otherwise failing to comply with drug price transparency requirements.

Healthcare Reform, including the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (the “IRA”)

The United States federal and state governments continue to propose and pass legislation designed to regulate the healthcare industry, including legislation that seeks to indirectly or directly regulate pharmaceutical drug pricing. Most significantly, on August 16, 2022, the IRA was signed into law. Among other things, the IRA requires manufacturers of certain drugs to engage in price negotiations with Medicare, with prices that can be negotiated subject to a cap; imposes rebates under Medicare Part B and Medicare Part D to penalize price increases that outpace inflation (first due in 2023); and replaces the Part D coverage gap discount program with a new manufacturer discounting program (which began in 2025). The IRA permits the Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Services (“HHS”) to implement many of these provisions through guidance, as opposed to regulation, for the initial years. HHS has issued and will continue to issue guidance implementing the IRA. CMS has published the negotiated prices for the initial ten drugs, which went into effect in 2026, and the subsequent 15 drugs, which will first be effective in 2027, as well as the next set of 15 drugs that will be subject to negotiation, although the Medicare drug price negotiation program is currently subject to legal challenges. While the impact of the IRA on our business and the pharmaceutical industry cannot yet be fully determined, it is likely to be significant. In particular, if a product becomes subject to the IRA negotiation provision and related price cap, that may significantly alter the economic rationale for developing and commercializing a biosimilar.

The One Big Beautiful Bill Act, which was enacted in July 2025, imposes significant reductions in the funding of the Medicaid program. Such reductions are expected to decrease the number of persons enrolled in Medicaid and reduce the services covered by Medicaid, which could adversely affect our sales of LOQTORZI® or any other product candidate that we commercialize.

The Trump administration is pursuing a two-fold strategy to reduce drug costs in the U.S.  President Trump has threatened to impose significant tariffs on pharmaceutical manufacturers that do not adopt pricing policies such as most favored nation pricing, which would tie the price for drugs in the U.S. to the lowest price in a group of other countries. In response, multiple manufacturers have reportedly entered into confidential pricing agreements with the federal government. The Trump administration is also pursuing traditional regulatory pathways to impose drug pricing policies, and published two proposed regulations in December 2025, referred to as Globe and Guard. If finalized, these regulations would implement mandatory payment models under which manufacturers of eligible drugs would be required to pay rebates to the federal government on a portion of the units of their drugs that are reimbursed by Medicare, with the rebate amount based on most favored nation pricing. While the impact of the Globe and Guard proposed regulations, if finalized, cannot yet be determined, it is likely to be significant. Even regulatory proposals or executive actions that are ultimately deemed unlawful could negatively impact the U.S. pharmaceutical sector and our business. In addition, pharmaceutical pricing and marketing has long been the subject of considerable discussion in Congress and among policymakers, and it is possible that Congress could enact additional laws that negatively affect the pharmaceutical industry.

Moreover, the individual states in the United States have become increasingly active in developing proposals, passing legislation and implementing regulations designed to control drug pricing, including price or patient reimbursement constraints, discounts, formulary flexibility, marketing cost disclosure, drug price reporting and other transparency measures. Some states have enacted legislation creating so-called prescription drug affordability boards, which ultimately may attempt to impose price limits on certain drugs in these states, and at least one state board is imposing an upper payment limit. States are also seeking to implement general, across the board price caps for pharmaceuticals, or are seeking to regulate drug distribution. Some measures are designed to encourage importation from other countries. These new laws and the regulations and policies implementing them, as well as other healthcare-related measures that may be adopted in the future, could materially reduce our ability to develop and commercialize LOQTORZI® and our product candidates, if approved.

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Environment

We are subject to a number of laws and regulations that require compliance with federal, state, and local regulations for the protection of the environment. The regulatory landscape continues to evolve, and we anticipate additional regulations in the near future. Laws and regulations are implemented and under consideration to mitigate the effects of climate change mainly caused by greenhouse gas emissions. Our business is not energy intensive. Therefore, we do not anticipate being subject to a cap and trade system, carbon emissions tax or other mitigation measure that would materially impact our capital expenditures, operations or competitive position. The building where our headquarters is located in Redwood City, California, has been awarded LEED Gold Certification from the United States Green Building Council.

Human Capital Management

As of December 31, 2025, we had 147 full-time and part-time employees, which represented a decrease of 81 full-time and part-time employees since December 31, 2024. All employees were located in the United States and none were represented by a labor union. We have not experienced any work stoppages and believe we have good relations with our employees and contractors. Our guiding principles are anchored on the goals of being able to recruit, incentivize, retain and integrate talented employees who can develop, implement, and drive long-term value creation strategies. As our development and commercialization plans and strategies evolve and because of reductions in force and turnover, from time to time we experience changes in our number of employees.

On December 2, 2024, we and Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (“Intas”) entered into an asset purchase agreement (the “UDENYCA Purchase Agreement”), pursuant to which the Company agreed to divest the UDENYCA franchise (the “UDENYCA Business”) to Intas (the “UDENYCA Sale”). On April 11, 2025 (the “UDENYCA Closing Date”), we completed the divestiture of the UDENYCA Business to Intas. Intas has designated Accord BioPharma, Inc., an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Intas (“Accord” and, together with Intas, the “Intas Parties”) to purchase the physical assets, including product inventory. Pursuant to the UDENYCA Purchase Agreement, 43 of our employees transferred employment to Accord at the closing of the UDENYCA Sale. None of our executive officers transferred to Accord.

Compensation and Benefits

We review our base salaries on a regular basis and believe they are fair and competitive with the external labor markets in which our employees work. We offer incentive programs that provide bonus opportunities to encourage and reward participants for our achievement of financial and other key performance metrics and strengthen the connection between pay and performance. We also grant equity compensation awards that vest over time through our long-term incentive plan to employees to align such employees’ incentives with our long-term strategic objectives and the interests of our stockholders.

We also offer competitive benefits to our employees, including paid vacation and holidays, family leave, disability insurance, life insurance, healthcare, dental and vision coverage, dependent care flexible spending accounts, a 401(k) plan with a company match, and an Employee Stock Purchase Plan. Additionally, we offer an Employee Assistance Program that includes professional support for employees to balance the stress of personal and professional demands.

Health and Safety

We are committed to a safe workplace for our employees and have implemented health and safety management processes, including training and awareness, into our operations. We have an incident reporting plan to respond to injuries and emergencies on an ongoing basis to protect our employees and comply with all Occupational Safety and Health Administration requirements.

Training, Development and Engagement

Through our online learning platform, we deliver a variety of required learning modules, including those modules tied to our Code of Business Conduct, healthcare compliance, cybersecurity, unlawful harassment, workplace violence prevention and anti-corruption policies, which are completed periodically by all team members. We have a highly collaborative, engaging company environment.

Additional Information

We view our operations and measure our business as one reportable segment operating primarily in the United States. See “Note 1. Organization and Significant Accounting Policies” in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Part II, Item 8 of this Annual Report on Form 10-K for additional information. Additional information required by this item is incorporated herein by reference to Part I, Item 1A “Risk Factors.”

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We were incorporated in Delaware in September 2010. We completed the initial public offering of our common stock in November 2014. Our common stock is currently listed on The Nasdaq Global Market under the symbol “CHRS.”

Our principal executive offices are located at 333 Twin Dolphin Drive, Suite 600, Redwood City, CA 94065, and our telephone number is (650) 649-3530.

You may find electronic copies of our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 on our website at https://www.coherus.com free of charge. We also periodically release and publicize press releases to the public that are also available on our website’s section entitled “Investors & Media” which we use as a recognized channel of distribution for our investors and other people interested in our company. The SEC maintains a website (https://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. Such filings are placed on our website as soon as reasonably possible after they are filed with the SEC. Our most recent charter for our audit, compensation, and nominating and corporate governance committees and our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics are available on our website as well at https://www.coherus.com. Any waiver of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics may be made only by our board of directors (“Board”). Any waiver of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics for any of our directors or executive officers must be disclosed on a Current Report on Form 8-K within four business days, or such shorter period as may be required under applicable law.

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