CBL & ASSOCIATES PROPERTIES INC (CBL) Business

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (this "Annual Report") is being filed by CBL & Associates Properties, Inc. (the "Company," "CBL," "we," "us" and "our"), a Delaware corporation. Unless stated otherwise or the context otherwise requires, references to the “Company,” “we,” “us” and “our” also includes our subsidiaries.

The Company’s Business

We are a self-managed, self-administered, fully integrated real estate investment trust ("REIT"). We own, develop, acquire, lease, manage, and operate regional shopping malls, outlet centers, lifestyle centers, open-air centers and other properties. At December 31, 2025, our properties are located in 22 states, but are primarily in the southeastern and midwestern United States. We have elected to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes.

We conduct substantially all our business through CBL & Associates Limited Partnership (the "Operating Partnership"), which is a variable interest entity ("VIE"). We are the 100% owner of two qualified REIT subsidiaries, CBL Holdings I, Inc. and CBL Holdings II, Inc. CBL Holdings I, Inc. is the sole general partner of the Operating Partnership. At December 31, 2025, CBL Holdings I, Inc. owned a 1.0% general partner interest and CBL Holdings II, Inc. owned a 98.98% limited partner interest in the Operating Partnership, for a combined interest held by us of 99.98%. As of December 31, 2025, third parties owned a 0.02% limited partner interest in the Operating Partnership.

See Note 1 to the consolidated financial statements for information on our properties as of December 31, 2025. Our malls, lifestyle centers, outlet centers, open-air centers and other property types are collectively referred to as the “properties” and individually as a “property.” The other property type (the "All Other" or "All Other Properties") is made up of office buildings, outparcels and hotels.

We conduct our property management and development activities through CBL & Associates Management, Inc. (the "Management Company") to comply with certain requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Internal Revenue Code"). The Operating Partnership owns 100% of the Management Company’s outstanding stock.

Rental revenues are primarily derived from leases with retail tenants and generally include fixed minimum rents, percentage rents based on tenants’ sales volumes and reimbursements from tenants for expenditures related to real estate taxes, insurance, common area maintenance ("CAM") and other recoverable operating expenses, as well as certain capital expenditures. We also generate revenues from management, leasing and development fees, sponsorships, sales of peripheral land at our properties and from sales of operating real estate assets when it is determined that we can realize an appropriate value for the assets. Proceeds from such sales are generally used to retire related indebtedness, reduce outstanding balances on our indebtedness and for general corporate purposes.

The following terms used in this Annual Report on Form 10-K will have the meanings described below:

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GLA – refers to gross leasable area of space in square feet.

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Anchor – refers to a department store, other large retail store, non-retail space or theater greater than or equal to 50,000 square feet.

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Junior Anchor - retail store, non-retail space or theater comprising 20,000 square feet and greater, but less than 50,000 square feet.

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Inline – retail store or non-retail space comprising less than 20,000 square feet.

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Freestanding – property locations that are not attached to the primary complex of buildings that comprise the mall shopping center.

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Outparcel – land and freestanding developments, such as retail stores, banks and restaurants, which are generally on the periphery of our properties.

2

Significant Markets and Tenants

Top Five Markets

Our top five markets, based on the percentage of our share of total revenues attributable to each such market, were as follows for the year ended December 31, 2025:

(1)
Includes the Company’s proportionate share of total revenues from consolidated and unconsolidated affiliates based on the ownership percentage in the respective joint venture and any other applicable terms.

Top 25 Tenants

Our top 25 tenants based on percentage of total revenues were as follows for the year ended December 31, 2025:

(1)
Includes the Company’s proportionate share of total revenues from consolidated and unconsolidated affiliates based on the ownership percentage in the respective joint venture and any other applicable terms.

(2)
Signet Group, PLC. operates Kay Jewelers, Marks & Morgan, JB Robinson, Shaw's Jewelers, Osterman's Jewelers, LeRoy's Jewelers, Jared Jewelers, Belden Jewelers, Ultra Diamonds, Rogers Jewelers, Zales, Peoples, Banter by Piercing Pagoda and Piercing Pagoda.

(3)
Pentland Group is formerly known as Finish Line, Inc. and operates Finish Line, City Gear, Hibbett Sports, JD Sports and Shoe Palace.

(4)
Dick's Sporting Goods, Inc. operates Dick's Sporting Goods, Golf Galaxy and Field & Stream. Includes a former Sears lease acquired by Dick's Sporting Goods, Inc. for future redevelopment.

(5)
Genesco Inc. operates Journey's, Underground by Journey's, Shi by Journey's, Johnston & Murphy, Hat Shack, Lids, Hat Zone and Clubhouse.

(6)
Luxottica Group S.P.A. operates Lenscrafters, Pearle Vision and Sunglass Hut.

(7)
Ames Watson, LLC operates Lid's, Lid's Locker Room and Claire's.

(8)
The TJX Companies, Inc. operates T.J. Maxx, Marshalls, HomeGoods and Sierra Trading Post.

(9)
GoTo Foods operates Cinnabon, Auntie Anne's, Moe's Southwest Grill, McAlister's Deli and Jamba.

3

Operating Strategy

We operate a diverse portfolio of dynamic properties including enclosed regional malls, outlet centers, lifestyle centers and open-air centers. Our assets are located in strong mid-tier markets with a focus in the growing southeast and midwest. Approximately 30% of our 2025 same-center net operating income ("NOI") was generated by non-enclosed mall assets. Our primary objective is to operate our portfolio to maximize the long-term value of our company by generating increasing levels of NOI and improving free cash flow through a variety of methods as further discussed below.

NOI is a non-GAAP measure. For a description of NOI, a reconciliation from net income (loss) to NOI, and an explanation of why we believe this is a useful performance measure, see Non-GAAP Measure – Same-center Net Operating Income in “Results of Operations.”

Internal Growth

We look to generate internal growth through a variety of strategies. We incorporate contractual rent increases in our leases and negotiate increases in rental rates as leases mature, when possible. We aggressively pursue new tenants to maintain and grow occupancy, enhance our tenant mix to meet changing consumer demand and improve the credit quality of our tenant base. We actively manage our properties including a focus on controlling operating expenses with a goal of maintaining or improving operating margins and enhancing cash flows, while providing a high-quality customer experience. We pursue opportunities to generate ancillary revenues at our properties when space is available for shorter terms through temporary leases and license agreements, as well as advertising including sponsorships and promotional activities. These programs allow us to maximize revenues in our centers during downtime between permanent leases, as well as monetize other aspects of the property.

Asset Densification

Our strategy of owning a diverse portfolio of dynamic properties in strong mid-tier markets has served the company well as CBL’s dominant locations generate significant demand from retail and non-retail users alike. We actively evaluate unused parking fields and available land for primarily non-retail densification projects, which provides us with the opportunity to capitalize on the embedded equity value of our land and increase the overall value of our properties. We believe the addition of non-retail users drives new and additional traffic and sales to our centers, which may preserve or enhance their dominant position in the market.

Through redevelopment we capitalize on opportunities to increase the productivity of previously occupied space and enhance the overall value of the centers by re-tenanting and/or changing the use of the space, as well as aesthetic upgrades. Redevelopments may result from acquiring or regaining possession of Anchor space (such as former department stores) and re-leasing to a single user, subdividing it into multiple spaces or razing the building for new development. When evaluating a redevelopment project, we review the stand-alone cost and returns, terminal value and co-tenancy, as well as the impact that the project and new tenant(s) is expected to have on the rest of the property including the aesthetic impact and improvements to traffic, sales and leasing demand.

See Developments and Redevelopments in Item 7 of this Annual Report for information on the projects completed during 2025 and under construction at December 31, 2025.

Active Portfolio Management and Asset Recycling

We actively manage our asset base with the goal of enhancing the overall quality and value of our portfolio. We regularly review our portfolio to identify assets that no longer fit our strategy or where we believe it appropriate to redeploy resources into investments with higher growth or higher return opportunities. We also selectively acquire properties, including enclosed regional malls that we believe will be additive to our portfolio by providing stable and/or growing cash flow, redevelopment opportunities or other opportunities to realize value. We also selectively acquire available anchors or parcels that we believe will provide resilient cash flows or that can appreciate in value by increasing NOI through our redevelopment, leasing and management expertise.

Balance Sheet Strategy

Our balance sheet strategy is focused on reducing overall debt, extending our debt maturity schedule, limiting exposure to floating rate debt and recourse loans and lowering our overall cost of borrowings to limit maturity risk, improve free cash flow and enhance enterprise value.

We also pursue opportunities to improve the terms of our secured property-level, mortgage loans including refinancing loans at lower interest rates and longer-term maturities. We are exploring refinancing opportunities in the open lending market, as appropriate, in addition to working with our current lenders toward favorable modifications of existing loans.

4

Corporate Responsibility/Green Building Practices

CBL’s Corporate Responsibility ("CR") efforts are led by the CR Steering Committee, a dedicated leadership committee that focuses on factors including Sustainability, Social Governance and Corporate Governance as well as reporting to CBL’s board of directors, on our website and in public filings. The members that make up this committee represent various departments within CBL, such as Management, Investor Relations, People & Culture, Legal, Technology Solutions, Corporate & Public Relations and Operations Services with day-to-day efforts for sustainability led by our Vice President - Sustainability. The Nominating/Corporate Governance Committee of CBL's board of directors is responsible for oversight of the Company’s CR efforts. Part of our efforts includes regularly reviewing existing policies and procedures to incorporate current best practices and working to ensure compliance with new regulations including related reporting and disclosures. More information on this program and others, including social responsibility and community involvement initiatives, is available in the Human Capital section below and on dedicated web pages at cblproperties.com/corporate-responsibility/overview. The information on our web site is not, and should not be considered, a part of this Form 10-K.

Environmental Matters

A discussion of the current effects and potential impacts on our business and properties of compliance with federal, state and local environmental regulations is presented in Item 1A of this Annual Report on Form 10-K under the subheading “Risks Related to Real Estate Investments and Our Business.”

Competition

Our properties compete with various shopping facilities in attracting retailers to lease space. In addition, retailers at our properties face competition from online shopping alternatives, discount shopping centers, outlet centers, wholesale clubs, direct mail, television shopping networks and other retail shopping developments. The extent of the retail and non-retail competition varies from market to market. We work aggressively to attract customers through marketing promotions and social media campaigns. Many of our retailers have adopted an omni-channel approach which leverages sales through both digital and traditional retailing channels.

Seasonality

The shopping center business is, to some extent, seasonal in nature with tenants typically achieving the highest levels of sales during the fourth quarter due to the holiday season, which generally results in higher percentage rent income in the fourth quarter. Additionally, our properties earn most of their “temporary” rents (rents from short-term tenants) during the holiday period. Thus, occupancy levels and revenues are generally the highest in the fourth quarter of each year. Results of operations realized in any one quarter may not be indicative of the results likely to be experienced over the course of our fiscal year.

Equity

Common Stock

Our authorized common stock consists of 200,000,000 shares at $0.001 par value per share. We had 30,322,052 shares of common stock issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025, excluding 34 treasury shares.

Preferred Stock

Our authorized preferred stock consists of 15,000,000 shares at $0.001 par value per share. No shares of preferred stock were issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2025.

Financial Information about Segments

See Note 11 to the consolidated financial statements for information about our reportable segments.

Human Capital

We believe our people are critical to the success of our company. We are committed to providing a work environment that attracts, develops, and retains high-performing team members and to promoting a culture that allows each team member to feel respected, included and empowered. We engage with our employees regularly and in 2025 completed an employee engagement assessment. The survey netted a 77% response rate and secured CBL Great Place to Work Certification™, with 93% of employees saying it is a great place to work.

CBL does not have any employees other than its statutory officers. As of December 31, 2025, our Management Company had 408 full-time and 92 part-time employees that represented the following voluntarily provided demographics:

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21% racially diverse and 53% female.

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We are proud that 4% of our workforce served in the military.

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Within the team, 3% self-identify as disabled.

5

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Our workforce spans multiple generations, including Gen X (247), Gen Y (147), and Baby Boomers (69), with a growing Gen Z presence (36) and representation from Traditionalists (1).

CBL continues to benefit from low voluntary employee turnover, which was approximately 7% in 2025 (6% in 2024), reflecting the stability, engagement, and continuity of its workforce. While CBL supports employees’ freedom of association, it maintains direct relationships with its employees, and none of its workforce is currently represented by a labor union. Management considers its employee relations to be positive and believes that maintaining open communication and responsiveness to employee feedback contributes to a productive and stable work environment

To attract, retain and develop our high-performing team members, we offer compensation programs that include a mix of salaries, variable incentive bonuses and equity-based awards. To help ensure pay for performance alignment, CBL team members and their direct managers participate in an annual performance evaluation process. The evaluation process includes interactive goal setting and feedback designed to enhance performance, engagement, and professional development. Annually, we conduct a compensation analysis to ensure any pay gaps are reviewed and addressed. Our compensation programs are supplemented by comprehensive employment benefits as well as training and educational programs. Certain benefits are also available to part-time CBL team members.

We provide our team with learning and development opportunities including conferences, leadership programs, and other ad hoc training programs. Programs cover a variety of topics such as career development and skills training; health, well-being, and safety; inclusion and belonging; and more. We also mandate cybersecurity training and ethics training for all full-time employees. In 2025, CBL team members completed 3,571 hours of training. In 2025, CBL launched the CBL Employee Learning Reimbursement Program which helps support a culture of continuous learning by reimbursing employees for personal and professional development opportunities. Employees can seek reimbursement for courses, certifications, books and other learning resources.

We also continued our outreach efforts in recruiting through partnership with Transition Overwatch, which targets Veterans.

We have long maintained several employee-led programs, including CBL Community, CBL Cares, CBL Fit and CBL Social.

CBL Community is focused on initiatives that emphasize the importance and focus we place on people, the driving force behind CBL. CBL Community pursues internal and external endeavors to improve organizational impacts that help foster an inclusive environment for our team members and our customers through education, engagement initiatives, and the creation of opportunities and partnerships with a broad array of groups, including underrepresented groups. In 2025, CBL Community advanced its focus on employee development and inclusion through ongoing initiatives such as the employee book club and a robust calendar of educational programs. Highlights included a special Veteran’s Day presentation by a noted author, along with new sessions designed to broaden perspectives and foster a more connected and informed team.

CBL Cares partners with and supports local charitable organizations that contribute to the growth and development of the communities we serve. In 2025, our team volunteered 1,109 hours with non-profit organizations across our portfolio through our CBL Cares program. We also continued matching gifts, which allows employees to submit their individual charitable contributions for a 1:1 company match up to $100 per donation. In total, through volunteer hours, corporate donations, matching gifts, CBL Cares grants, and our annual United Way workplace campaign we provided support valued at nearly $177,000 to organizations across our portfolio that work to meet the needs of our communities.

CBL Fit provides advocacy of wellness for the whole person at work and CBL Social provides engagement opportunities and interconnectivity through team-based events.

Corporate Offices

Our principal executive offices are located at CBL Center, 2030 Hamilton Place Boulevard, Suite 500, Chattanooga, Tennessee, 37421 and our telephone number is (423) 855-0001.

Available Information

There is additional information about us on our web site at cblproperties.com. Electronic copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, as well as any amendments to those reports, are available free of charge by visiting the “Investor Relations” section of our web site. These reports are posted as soon as reasonably practical after they are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. The information on our web site is not, and should not be considered, a part of this Form 10-K. The SEC also maintains an internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov.