ALLSTATE CORP (ALL) Risk Factors

Item 1A.  Risk Factors

Summary Risks are grouped into three categories: (1) insurance and financial services, (2) business, strategy and operations and (3) macro, regulatory and risk environment. Many risks may affect more than one category and are included where the impact is most significant. If some of these risk factors occur, they may cause the emergence of or exacerbate the impact of other risk factors, which could materially increase the severity of the impact of these risks on the business, results of operations, financial condition or liquidity. The table below includes examples of risks from each category.

The Allstate Corporation Board of Directors (“Allstate Board”) has overall responsibility for oversight of Management’s design and implementation of our Enterprise Risk and Return Management (“ERRM”) framework that manages the business on an integrated basis following risk and return principles. The Risk and Return Committee of the Allstate Board oversees effectiveness of the ERRM program, governance structure and risk-related decision-making, while focusing on the Company’s overall risk profile.

See Management’s Discussion and Analysis (“MD&A”), Enterprise Risk and Return Management for further details.

Consider these cautionary statements carefully together with other factors discussed elsewhere in this document, in filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) or in materials incorporated therein by reference.

Property and casualty actual claim costs may exceed current reserves established for claims due to changes in the inflationary, regulatory and litigation environment

Estimating claim reserves is an inherently uncertain and complex process. We continually refine our best estimates of losses after considering known facts and interpretations of the circumstances.

The reserving methodology may be impacted by the following:

•Models that rely on the assumption that past loss development patterns will persist into the future

•Internal factors including experience with similar cases, actual claims paid, historical trends involving claim payment and case reserving patterns, pending levels of unpaid claims, loss management programs, product mix, contractual terms and changes in claim reporting and settlement practices

•External factors such as inflation, court decisions, changes in law or litigation imposing unintended coverage or an unexpected increase in the number, size or types of claims, regulatory requirements, changes in driving patterns, delays in reporting of claims and economic conditions, the imposition and impact of tariffs, supply chain disruptions and labor shortages

The ultimate cost of losses, or current estimates, have and may continue to vary materially from recorded reserves and such variance may adversely affect the results of operations and financial condition as the reserves and amounts due from reinsurers are reestimated.

For further details, see MD&A, Application of Critical Accounting Estimates.

Increases in the frequency or severity of property and casualty claims may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition

A significant increase in claim frequency could adversely affect the results of operations and financial condition. Changes in mix of business, miles driven, weather patterns, driving behaviors, technology or

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other factors can lead to changes in claim frequency. We may experience volatility in claim frequency, and short-term trends may not be predictive of future losses over the longer term.

The following factors have and may continue to impact claim severity for auto bodily injury, auto physical damage (including collision and property damage) and homeowners coverages:

•Bodily injury — more severe accidents, an increase in claims with attorney representation, higher medical consumption and inflation

•Vehicle physical damage — inflation, supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, labor rates, tariffs impacting vehicle and parts prices, increased repair costs for components that have embedded advanced driver assistance systems such as cameras and sensors, length of claim resolution, delays in the receipt of third-party carrier claims, and a higher mix of total losses

•Homeowners — inflation in the construction industry, building materials and home furnishings, changes in the mix of loss type, changes in building codes and other economic and environmental factors, including short-term supply imbalances for services, supplies in areas affected by catastrophes, labor shortages, labor rates and tariffs

Catastrophes and severe weather events may subject us to significant losses

Catastrophic events could adversely affect operating results and cause them to vary significantly from one period to the next. Climate change could contribute to increased variability of catastrophe losses and underwriting results. Also, liquidity could be constrained by a catastrophe, or multiple catastrophes, which could result in extraordinary losses, sales of investments or a downgrade of our debt or financial strength ratings.

Catastrophic losses are caused by wind and hail, wildfires, tornadoes, hurricanes, tropical storms, earthquakes, severe freeze events, volcanic eruptions, terrorism, cyberattacks, civil unrest, industrial accidents and other such events.

Our personal property insurance business may incur catastrophe losses greater than:

•Those experienced in prior years

•The expected level used in pricing

•Current reinsurance coverage limits

•Loss estimates from hurricane and earthquake models at various levels of probability

Property and casualty businesses are subject to claims arising from severe weather events such as wildfires, winter storms, rain, hail and high winds. The incidence and severity of weather conditions resulting in claims are extremely volatile.

The total number of policyholders affected by the event, the severity of the event and the coverage provided contribute to catastrophe and severe weather losses. Increases in the insured values of

covered property, geographic concentration and the number of policyholders exposed to certain events could increase the severity of claims from catastrophic and severe weather events. Where appropriate and supportable, the Company pursues subrogation of its losses resulting from catastrophes and severe weather events. These efforts may be impacted by external factors that vary by jurisdiction, including developments in the law that may restrict subrogation recoveries, including such claims against utility companies.

Limitations in analytical models used to assess and predict the exposure to catastrophe losses may adversely affect the results of operations and financial condition

We use internally developed and third-party vendor models along with our own historical data to assess exposure to catastrophe losses. The models assume various conditions and probability scenarios and may not accurately predict future losses or measure losses currently incurred.

Price competition and changes in regulation and underwriting standards in property and casualty businesses may adversely affect the results of operations and financial condition

The personal property-liability market is highly competitive with carriers competing through underwriting, advertising, price, customer service, innovation and distribution. Changes in regulatory standards regarding underwriting and rates could also affect the ability to predict future losses and could impact profitability. Competitors may alter underwriting standards, lower prices, have more sophisticated pricing models, introduce new products and features and increase advertising, which could result in lower growth and retention and decrease our competitive position. A decline in the growth or relative profitability of the property and casualty businesses could have a material effect on the results of operations and financial condition.

A regulatory environment that requires rates and products to be approved, can dictate underwriting practices and mandate participation in loss sharing arrangements, may increase the time to market of rate increases, new products or use of advanced technologies and adversely affect results of operations and financial condition

Regulatory approval of rates, especially during inflationary periods, may restrict rate changes that may be required to achieve targeted levels of profitability and returns on equity. If we are unsuccessful, the results of operations could be negatively impacted. Certain states impose or are contemplating regulatory limitations on the amount of profit that insurance companies may earn. If our returns exceed regulatory thresholds, we may be required to issue premium credits, refunds, or implement retroactive rate adjustments to comply with applicable law. Additionally, future regulatory reforms regarding insurance rating, modifications to profit caps, or enforcement practices may make it more difficult to utilize rates that appropriately reflect the risk.

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Regulatory restrictions or potential delays in the regulatory approval process for new products and features or the use of advanced technologies, non-traditional data sources, or large language models may impact our ability to innovate and enhance the competitiveness of our product offerings in the marketplace.

In addition, certain states have enacted laws that require an insurer conducting business in that state to participate in assigned risk plans, reinsurance facilities and joint underwriting associations. Certain states also require the insurer to offer coverage to all consumers, often restricting an insurer’s ability to charge the price it might otherwise charge for the risk acceptance. In these markets, we may be compelled to underwrite significant amounts of business at lower-than-desired rates, possibly leading to unacceptable returns.

Alternatively, as the facilities recognize a financial deficit, they could have the ability to assess participating insurers, adversely affecting the results of operations and financial condition. Laws and regulations of many states also limit an insurer’s ability to withdraw from one or more lines of insurance, except pursuant to a plan that is approved by the state insurance department. Certain states require an insurer to participate in guaranty funds for impaired or insolvent insurance companies. These funds periodically assess losses against all insurance companies doing business in the state. The results of operations and financial condition could be adversely affected by any of these factors.

Our investment portfolios are subject to market risk, including interest rate risk and equity price risk, and declines in credit quality which may adversely affect or create volatility in investment income and cause realized and unrealized losses

We continually evaluate investment management strategies since we are subject to risk of loss due to adverse changes in interest rates, equity prices, credit spreads, real estate values, currency exchange rates and liquidity. Adverse changes have and may continue to occur due to changes in monetary and fiscal policy, inflation, unemployment, economic growth, geopolitical events and the economic climate, liquidity of a market or market segment, investor return expectations or risk tolerance, insolvency or financial distress of key market makers or participants, instability of the banking sector, or changes in market perceptions of credit worthiness.

Investments are subject to risks associated with economic and capital market conditions and factors that may be unique to our portfolio, including:

•General weakening of the economy, which is typically reflected through higher credit spreads and lower equity and real estate valuations

•Declines in credit quality

•Declines in interest rates, credit spreads or sustained low interest rates could lead to declines in portfolio yields and investment income

•Increases in market interest rates, credit spreads or a decrease in liquidity could have an adverse effect on the value of fixed income securities

•Adverse changes in foreign currency exchange rates

•Changes in U.S. and foreign tax laws

•Imposition of new or increased tariffs

•Supply chain disruptions, labor shortages, macro trends impacting real estate supply and demand and other factors may have an adverse impact on investment valuations and returns

•Weak performance of general and joint venture partners and underlying investments unrelated to general market or economic conditions could lead to declines in investment income and cause realized losses in limited partnership interests

•Concentration in any particular issuer, industry, asset type, collateral type, group of related industries, geographic sector or risk type

The approaches we use to actively manage exposure to market risk, including rebalancing existing asset or liability portfolios, changing the type of investments purchased in the future and use of derivative instruments to modify the market risk characteristics of existing assets and liabilities or assets expected to be purchased may not perform as intended or expected, resulting in higher than expected realized and unrealized losses.

The amount and timing of net investment income, capital contributions and distributions from performance-based investments, which primarily include limited partnership interests that are recorded on a lag, can fluctuate significantly due to the underlying investments’ performance or changes in market or economic conditions. Additionally, these investments are less liquid than publicly traded investments and although secondary markets exist, they are limited and may require sales at significant discounts to carrying value based on market conditions.

Declining equity markets or increases in interest rates or credit spreads could cause the value of the investments in our pension plans to decrease. Declines in interest rates could cause the funding ratio to decline and the value of the obligations for pension and postretirement plans to increase. These factors could decrease the funded status of the pension and postretirement plans, increasing the likelihood or magnitude of future benefit expense and contributions.

For further discussion of these items, see MD&A, Market Risk.

Determination of the fair value and amount of credit losses for investments includes subjective judgments and could materially impact the results of operations and financial condition

The valuation of the portfolio includes subjective risk factors and the value of assets may differ from the actual amount received upon the sale of an asset. The degree of judgment required in determining fair values

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increases when:

•Market observable information is less readily available

•The use of different valuation assumptions may have a material effect on the assets’ fair values

•Changing market conditions could materially affect the fair value of investments

Additionally, the determination of the amount of credit losses varies by investment type and is based on ongoing evaluation and assessment of known and inherent risks associated with the respective asset class or investment.

Such evaluations and assessments are highly judgmental and are revised as conditions change and new information becomes available.

We update our evaluations regularly and reflect changes in credit losses in the results of operations. Our conclusions may ultimately prove to be incorrect as assumptions, facts and circumstances change. When estimating credit loss allowances, historical loss trends, consideration of current conditions and forecasts may not be indicative of future changes in credit losses and additional amounts may need to be recorded in the future.

Participation in indemnification programs subjects us to the risk that reimbursement for qualifying claims and claims expenses may not be received

Participation in state-based industry pools, facilities and associations may have a material, adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition. Our largest exposure is associated with the Michigan Catastrophic Claim Association (“MCCA”), a state-mandated indemnification mechanism for qualified Personal Injury Protection losses that exceed a specified level. To the extent the MCCA’s current and future assessments are insufficient to reimburse its ultimate obligation on existing claims to member companies, our ability to obtain the 100% indemnification for ultimate losses could be impaired.

We also sell and service NFIP flood policies as an agent of FEMA. The Company is fully indemnified for claims and claim expenses and does not retain any ultimate risk for the indemnified business. Congressional authorization and funding for the NFIP is subject to freezes, including during a government shutdown. Delays in the payment of claims and claim expenses due to authorization or funding freezes, or changes to the administration of the NFIP by the federal government, could result in our customers not receiving payment for qualifying claims, impact the ability to service customer policies or delay the receipt of our fees for services from the NFIP.

For further discussion of these items, see Regulation section, Indemnification Programs and Note 11 of the consolidated financial statements.

We may not be able to mitigate the impact associated with changes in capital requirements

Regulatory requirements affect the amount of

capital to be maintained by our subsidiary insurance companies. Changes to requirements or regulatory interpretations may result in additional capital held in our insurance companies and could require us to increase prices, reduce sales of certain products, or accept a return on equity below original levels assumed in pricing.

A downgrade in financial strength ratings may have an adverse effect on our business

Financial strength ratings are important factors in establishing the competitive position of insurance companies and their access to capital markets. Rating agencies have and could downgrade or change the outlook on our ratings in the future due to:

•Changes in the financial profile or performance of one of our insurance companies

•Changes in a rating agency’s determination of the amount of capital required to maintain a particular rating

•Increases in the perceived risk of our investment portfolio, reduced confidence in management or business strategy, or other considerations that may or may not be under our control

A downgrade in ratings could have an adverse effect on sales, competitiveness, customer retention, the marketability of product offerings, liquidity, access to and cost of borrowing or refinancing existing debt obligations, results of operations and financial condition.

We operate in markets that are highly competitive

Markets in which we operate are highly competitive, and we must continually refine and improve products and services to maintain our reputation, enhance brand perception, and remain competitive. Negative publicity or other negative events could harm our reputation and brand perception, adversely impacting customer, employee and other relationships. If we are unsuccessful in generating new business, retaining customers or renewing contracts, or if marketing efforts and investments in brand enhancements are unsuccessful, our ability to maintain or increase premiums written or the ability to sell products could be adversely impacted.

Determining competitive position is complicated in the auto and homeowners insurance business as companies use different underwriting standards to accept new customers and quotes and close rates can fluctuate across companies and locations. Pricing of products is driven by multiple factors, including loss expectations, expense structure and dissimilar return targets. Additionally, sophisticated pricing algorithms make it difficult to determine what price potential customers would pay across competitors. Pricing increases could adversely impact customer retention and ability to attract new business.

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Our ability to adequately and effectively price and personalize products is affected by the evolving nature of consumer needs and preferences, market and regulatory dynamics, broader use of telematics-based rate segmentation and potential change in consumer demand.

There is also significant competition for producers, such as exclusive and independent agents and their licensed sales professionals. Growth and retention may be materially affected if we are unable to attract and retain effective producers or if those producers are unable to attract and retain their licensed sales professionals or customers.

Changing consumer preferences may adversely impact the demand for our products which may adversely impact the business

Growth and retention may be impacted if customer preferences change and we are unable to effectively adapt our business model, technology and processes, including maintaining competitive products and allowing consumers to interact with us how they choose. Some competitors may offer a broader or more personalized array of products than we do, or a more favorable customer experience. The business could be impacted by our ability to attract, serve and retain customers through distribution channels that they prefer.

Our business may also be adversely impacted by new or changing technologies and new business models affecting the auto insurance industry

Increasing adoption of newer technologies such as advanced driver assistance systems and autonomous vehicles or changes in business models that increase ride or car sharing could disrupt the demand for products, create coverage issues, impact the frequency or severity of losses, or reduce the size of the automobile insurance market causing our auto insurance business to decline. Since auto insurance constitutes a significant portion of the overall business, we may be more sensitive than other insurers and more adversely affected by trends that could decrease auto insurance rates or reduce demand for auto insurance over time.

Our competitive position depends on our ability to successfully deploy advanced technologies

Technological advancements and innovation are occurring at a rapid pace that may continue to accelerate. Nontraditional competitors could enter the insurance market and further accelerate these trends. Our competitive position could be impacted if we are unable to deploy advanced technologies in a cost effective and competitive manner or if our competitors more rapidly or successfully deploy advanced technologies in their businesses.

Innovations must be implemented in an ethical and responsible manner, in compliance with applicable laws and regulations. The maturity and effectiveness of forms of artificial intelligence technology are rapidly evolving. Regulatory restrictions on the use or development of artificial intelligence may impose additional compliance or reporting obligations, which

may materially adversely affect our operations or ability to write business profitably in one or more jurisdictions.

Technological changes may require extensive modifications to our systems and processes and extensive coordination with and reliance on the systems, technology and operations of third parties. If we are unable to adapt to or bring such advancements and innovations to market, the quality and marketability of our products, our relationships with customers and agents, competitive position and business prospects may be materially affected. Changes in technology related to collection and application of data regarding customers could expose us to regulatory or legal actions and may have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations and financial condition.

Changes in technology and customer preferences may impact the ways in which we invest in marketing and customer acquisition, interact and do business with customers and design products. We may not be able to leverage new technologies effectively or in a timely manner, which could have an adverse effect on the results of operations and financial condition.

Executing our strategy to advance and innovate technology, including leveraging artificial intelligence, has and may continue to impact our workforce as we require new and different skills to achieve our strategic goals. Advancements in technology, business process redesign and changes in consumer preferences may also impact our workforce needs in the future.

Transformative Growth strategy may not be effective

The Transformative Growth strategy is to accelerate growth by improving customer value, expanding customer access, increasing sophistication and investment in customer acquisition, deploying a new technology ecosystem and driving organizational transformation.

As part of the strategy, we have developed and continue to develop new insurance and non-insurance products and services to provide affordable, simple and connected protection through multiple distribution channels. We have also expanded our product and service offerings through acquisitions and may continue to do so. If the strategy is not implemented effectively, growth and profitability objectives could be adversely impacted. Lost business opportunities may result due to slower than anticipated speed to market. New products and services may not be as profitable as existing products, may not perform as well as we expect and may change risk exposures. External forces including competitor actions or regulatory changes may also have an adverse effect on the value generated from the transformation.

Our catastrophe management strategy may adversely affect premium growth

Catastrophe risk management actions have led us to reduce the size of the homeowners business in certain states, including customers with auto and other personal lines products, and may negatively impact future sales. Adjustments to the business structure,

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size and underwriting practices in markets with significant severe weather and catastrophe risk exposure could adversely impact premium growth rates and retention.

The ability of our subsidiaries to pay dividends may affect our liquidity and ability to meet our obligations

The Allstate Corporation is a holding company with no significant operations. Its principal assets are the stock of its subsidiaries and its directly held cash and investment portfolios. Its liabilities include debt and pension and other postretirement benefit obligations related to employees. State insurance regulatory authorities limit the payment of dividends by insurance subsidiaries, as described in Note 16 of the consolidated financial statements. The limitations are generally based on statutory income and surplus. In addition, competitive pressures generally require the subsidiaries to maintain insurance financial strength ratings. These restrictions and other regulatory requirements may affect the ability of subsidiaries to make dividend payments. Limits on the ability of the subsidiaries to pay dividends could adversely affect holding company liquidity, including the ability to pay dividends to shareholders, service debt or complete share repurchase programs as planned.

Changes in regulatory and rating agency capital metrics could decrease deployable capital and potentially reduce future dividends paid by our insurance companies.

For a discussion of capital requirements, see Regulation section, Limitations on Dividends by Insurance Subsidiaries.

Our ability to pay dividends or repurchase stock is subject to limitations under terms of certain of our securities

The terms of the outstanding subordinated debentures prohibit us from declaring or paying any dividends or distributions on our common or preferred stock or redeeming, purchasing, acquiring or making liquidation payments on our common stock or preferred stock if we have elected to defer interest payments on the subordinated debentures, subject to certain limited exceptions.

If the full preferred stock dividends for all preceding dividend periods have not been declared and paid, we generally may not repurchase or pay dividends on common stock during any dividend period while our preferred stock is outstanding.

For additional details, see Note 12 of the consolidated financial statements.

Insufficient reinsurance capacity or reinsurance at unacceptable prices may limit our ability to profitably write business

Market conditions impact the availability and cost of the reinsurance we purchase. Reinsurance may not remain continuously available to us to the same extent and on the same terms and rates as were historically available or is currently available. The ability to economically justify reinsurance to reduce catastrophe

risk in designated areas may depend on our ability to adjust premium rates to fully or partially recover cost. If we cannot maintain an acceptable level of reinsurance or purchase new reinsurance protection in amounts we consider sufficient at acceptable prices, we would have to either accept an increase in our catastrophe exposure, reduce insurance exposure or seek other alternatives.

Unfavorable conditions in the insurance-linked securities (“ILS”) market may increase the cost to use ILS or issue new securities in amounts we consider sufficient at acceptable prices.

Reinsurance subjects us to counterparty risk and may not be adequate to protect us against losses arising from ceded insurance

Collecting from reinsurers is subject to uncertainty arising from factors that include:

•Whether reinsurers, their affiliates or certain indemnitors have the financial capacity and willingness to make payments under the terms of a reinsurance treaty or contract

•Whether insured losses meet the qualifying conditions of the reinsurance contract

•Asbestos, environmental and other run-off lines of business reinsurance counterparties may have increased credit risk and may not provide the level of coverage or collateral that we expect

Our inability to recover from a reinsurer could have a material effect on the results of operations and financial condition. Additionally, reinsurance protects up to a certain loss for each event and events that exceed coverages could subject us to higher than anticipated losses.

Acquisitions or divestitures of businesses may not produce anticipated benefits, resulting in operating difficulties, unforeseen liabilities or asset impairments

The ability to achieve certain anticipated financial benefits from the acquisition of businesses depends in part on our ability to successfully grow and integrate the businesses consistent with anticipated acquisition economics. Financial results could be adversely affected by unanticipated performance or compliance issues, unforeseen liabilities, transaction-related charges, diversion of management time and resources to acquisition integration challenges or growth strategies, loss of key employees, challenges in integrating information technology systems and failure of cybersecurity controls, amortization of expenses related to intangibles, charges for impairment of long-lived assets or goodwill and indemnifications.

Acquired businesses may not perform as projected, cost savings anticipated from the acquisition may not materialize, and costs associated with the integration may be greater than anticipated. As a result, if we do not manage these integrations effectively, the quality of our products as well as relationships with customers and partners may suffer and could result in the Company not achieving returns on its investment at the level projected at acquisition.

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We also may divest businesses from time to time. These transactions may require us to provide technology and administrative services or may result in continued financial involvement in the divested businesses, such as through transition services agreements, reinsurance, guarantees or other financial arrangements, following the transaction. If the acquiring companies do not perform under the arrangements, financial results could be negatively impacted.

We may be subject to the risks and costs associated with intellectual property infringement, misappropriation and third-party claims

We rely on a combination of contractual rights and copyright, trademark, patent and trade secret laws to establish and protect our intellectual property. Third parties may infringe or misappropriate our intellectual property. We may have to litigate to enforce and protect intellectual property and to determine its scope, validity or enforceability, which could divert significant resources and prove unsuccessful. An inability to protect intellectual property or an inability to successfully defend against a claim of intellectual property infringement could have a material effect on our business.

We may be subject to claims by third parties for patent, trademark or copyright infringement or breach of usage rights. Any such claims and any resulting litigation could result in significant expense and liability. If third-party providers or we are found to have infringed a third-party intellectual property right, either of us could be enjoined from providing certain products or services or from utilizing and benefiting from certain methods, processes, copyrights, trademarks, trade secrets or licenses. Alternatively, we could be required to enter into costly licensing arrangements with third parties or implement costly workarounds. Any of these scenarios could have a material effect on the business and results of operations.

Loss of key vendor relationships, disruptions to the provision of products or services by a vendor, a vendor’s failure to restore critical services after a cybersecurity event, or failure of a vendor to provide and protect reliable data, and proprietary information, or personal information of our customers, claimants or employees could adversely affect our operations

We rely on services and products provided by many vendors in the U.S. and abroad. These include vendors of computer hardware, software, cloud technology and software as a service, as well as vendors or outsourcing of services such as:

•Claim and administrative services

•Call center services for customer support

•Human resource benefits management

•Information technology support

•Investment management services

•Financial and business support services

We continue to identify ways to improve operating efficiency and reduce cost, which may result in

additional outsourcing arrangements or increased reliance on third-party technologies in the future. We may not be successful transitioning work to a vendor or a key vendor could become unable to continue to provide products or services, fail to meet service level standards, fail to protect our confidential, proprietary, and other information or deploy new technologies, such as artificial intelligence, in a manner that has an adverse impact on our operations. Additionally, if plans to restore and recover critical systems, data and operations along with vendor contingencies do not sufficiently address business interruptions, we may suffer operational impairments and financial losses.

The failure of cyber or other information security controls, could result in a loss or disclosure of confidential information, damage to our reputation, additional costs and impair our ability to conduct business effectively

We use technology algorithms, machine based learning, artificial intelligence and data to perform necessary business functions. There are threats that could impact our ability to protect our data and systems; if the threats materialize, they could impact:

•Confidentiality — protecting our data from disclosure to unauthorized parties

•Integrity — ensuring data is not changed accidentally or without authorization and is accurate

•Availability — ensuring our data and systems are accessible to meet business needs

We collect, use, store or transmit a large amount of confidential, proprietary and other information (including personal information of customers, claimants and employees) in connection with the operation of our business. Systems are subject to increased risk of cyberattacks and unauthorized access, such as physical and electronic break-ins or unauthorized tampering.

We constantly defend against threats to our data and systems, including malware, ransomware and computer virus attacks, unauthorized access, system failures and disruptions. Events like these may jeopardize the information processed and stored in, and transmitted through, computer systems and networks and otherwise cause interruptions or malfunctions in operations, which could result in damage to reputation, financial losses, litigation, increased costs, regulatory penalties or customer dissatisfaction.

These risks may increase in the future as threats become more sophisticated. The risk of cyberattacks could be exacerbated by geopolitical tensions, including hostile actions taken by state-sponsored and terrorist organizations.

Integrated operational risk and return management processes and practices may not be sufficient to timely detect, mitigate and respond to cybersecurity operational risks, including those posed by the use of third-party services (e.g., cloud technology, software as a service) and artificial intelligence. Service providers and other vendors may

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also be subject to cybersecurity risks and our efforts to review and assess their security controls may not be successful in preventing or mitigating the effects of such events.

Enterprise resilience is critical to the ability to restore business operations following a significant operational event

Significant operational events may result in the shutdown, disruption, degradation or unavailability of one or more of our or third party systems or facilities, unanticipated problems with disaster recovery processes, or a support failure from external providers. Lack of operational resiliency or the failure to restore business operations after a significant operational event could have an adverse effect on our ability to conduct business, reputation and on results of operations and financial condition, particularly if those events affect computer-based data processing, transmission, storage, and retrieval systems or destroy data. If a significant number of employees were unavailable or unable to access systems due to such a disaster or event, our ability to effectively conduct business could be severely compromised.

Our ability to attract, develop, and retain talent to maintain appropriate staffing levels and a successful work culture is critical to our success

Competition for qualified employees with highly specialized knowledge in areas such as underwriting, data and analytics, technology and cybersecurity, is intense.

Factors that affect our ability to attract, develop and retain employees and maintain a successful work culture include:

•Compensation and benefits

•Training and employee engagement programs

•Reputation as a successful business with a culture of fair hiring, and of training and promoting qualified employees

•Hybrid work models, the design and location of physical workspaces and expectations for employee collaboration

•Recognition of and response to changing trends and other circumstances that affect employees

•Ability to develop employees and create new roles that align with our automation priorities and deliver greater levels of customer value

The unexpected loss of key personnel could have a material adverse impact on our business because of the loss of their skills, knowledge of our products and offerings and years of industry experience and, in some cases, the difficulty of promptly finding qualified replacement personnel.

Conditions in the global economy and capital markets could adversely affect the business and results of operations

Global economic and capital market conditions could adversely impact demand for our products, returns on our investment portfolio and results of operations. The conditions that may have the largest impact on our business include:

•Low or negative economic growth

•Interest rate levels

•Rising inflation increasing claims and claims expense

•Trade policy actions, such as tariffs and quotas

•Substantial increases in delinquencies or defaults on debt

•Significant downturns in the market value or liquidity of our investment portfolio

•Prolonged downturn in equity valuations

•Reduced consumer spending and business investment

Stressed conditions, volatility and disruptions in global capital markets or financial asset classes could adversely affect our investment portfolio. Our assumptions about portfolio diversification may not hold across market conditions, which could lead to heightened investment losses.

Declines in consumer confidence and spending, including internationally, and periods of high unemployment or labor shortages could change consumer behaviors and impact the sales of our consumer protection plan products and other products and services we sell.

Capital and credit market conditions may significantly affect our ability to meet liquidity needs or obtain credit on acceptable terms

In periods of extreme volatility and disruption in the capital and credit markets, liquidity and credit capacity may be severely restricted. Our access to additional financing depends on a variety of factors such as market conditions, the general availability of credit, the overall availability of credit to the industry, our credit ratings and credit capacity, as well as lenders’ perception of our long- or short-term financial prospects. In such circumstances, our ability to obtain capital to fund operating expenses, financing costs, capital expenditures or acquisitions may be limited, and the cost of any such capital may be significant.

Widespread disruptive or destabilizing events may have an adverse effect on our business

Disruptive or destabilizing events such as a large-scale pandemic, the occurrence of terrorism, military actions, political and social unrest, declines in trust in government and businesses or other events may result in loss of life, property damage, and disruptions to commerce and reduced economic activity. Some of the assets in our investment portfolio may be adversely affected by declines in the equity markets, changes in interest rates, reduced liquidity and economic activity caused by such events. Additionally, such events could have a material effect on sales, liquidity and operating results.

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Losses from changing climate and weather conditions may adversely affect financial condition, profitability or cash flows

Increased global temperatures affect the occurrence of certain natural events, such as increasing the frequency or severity of wind, tornado, hailstorm and thunderstorm events due to increased convection in the atmosphere. There could also be more frequent wildfires in certain geographies, more flooding and the potential for increased severity of losses. As a result, incurred losses from such events and the demand, price and availability of reinsurance coverages for automobile and homeowners insurance may be affected.

Climate change may also impair our ability to identify and quantify potential losses and offer customers products at an affordable price. The investment portfolio is also subject to the effects of climate change.

Due to significant variability associated with future climate conditions, we are unable to predict the impact climate change will have on our businesses.

Our practices relating to environmental and social matters may not meet stakeholders' expectations

Some existing or potential investors, customers, employees, regulators, and other stakeholders evaluate business practices according to a variety of environmental and social standards and expectations, including those related to climate change and inclusive diversity.

Stakeholder expectations on environmental and social issues are continually evolving and not always well defined or readily measurable. Our practices may not meet the expectations of stakeholders or we may fail to meet our commitments. Existing and potential customers and business partners may choose not to do business with us and potential applicants and employees may choose not to work for us based on our business practices, policies and actions. We may face adverse regulatory, investor, media, political or other scrutiny leading to business, reputational or legal challenges.

Evolving privacy and data security regulation and increased focus on enforcement could impact our business, increase costs and any violations could subject us to regulatory fines and reputational impact

Personal information is subject to an increasing number of federal, state, local and international laws and regulations regarding privacy and data security, as well as contractual commitments. Any failure or perceived failure by us to comply with such obligations may result in governmental enforcement actions and fines, litigation or public statements against us by consumer advocacy groups or others and could cause our employees and customers to lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.

For additional information, see the Regulation section, Privacy Regulation and Data Security.

We are subject to extensive regulation, and uncertainty around the interpretation and implementation of regulations in the U.S. and internationally, and potential further restrictive regulation may increase operating costs and limit growth

We largely operate in the highly regulated insurance and broader financial services sectors and are subject to extensive laws, regulations, executive orders and directives that are complex and subject to change. Changes may lead to additional expenses, increased legal exposure, delays or increased reserve or capital requirements limiting our ability to grow or to achieve targeted profitability. Moreover, laws and regulations are administered and enforced by governmental authorities that exercise interpretive latitude, including:

•State insurance regulators

•State securities administrators

•State attorneys general

•U.S. Federal agencies including the SEC, the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority, the Department of Labor, the U.S. Department of Justice, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and the National Labor Relations Board

•Governments, regulators, and agencies in jurisdictions outside of the U.S. where we conduct business

Consequently, compliance with one regulator’s or enforcement authority’s interpretation of a legal issue may not result in compliance with another’s interpretation of the same issue.

There is risk that one regulator’s or enforcement authority’s interpretation of a legal issue may change to our detriment. There is also a risk that changes in the overall legal environment may cause us to change our views regarding the actions we need to take from a risk management perspective. This could necessitate changes to practices that may adversely impact the business. In some cases, state insurance laws and regulations are generally intended to protect or benefit purchasers or users of insurance products, not holders of securities that we issue. These laws and regulations may limit the ability to grow or to improve the profitability of the business.

We conduct business outside of the United States, including customer, vendor and business partner relationships, process and information technology operations, and outsourcing of certain business functions. Our operations, vendors and business partnerships outside of the U.S. are subject to additional regulatory requirements and operating and political risks. Changes in tax policy or imposition of fees and restrictions could increase the cost of operations or disrupt or limit our ability to operate outside of the U.S., whether directly through our operations or indirectly through our vendors, suppliers, or service providers. In addition, governments outside of the U.S. have in the past and may in the future adopt laws and regulations applicable to our non-U.S. subsidiaries, including laws related to privacy, data security, human rights and the environment, that carry

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2025 Form 10-K Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors and Other Disclosures

penalties for non-compliance based on consolidated enterprise revenue. We may incur substantial costs and other negative consequences if any of these risks occur, including an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Regulatory and federal agency reforms may make it more expensive for us to conduct our business

Regulatory and federal agency reforms, including potential changes in the role of FEMA in coordinating disaster response, lapses in the authorization or changes in administration of the NFIP and potential discontinuation or disruption to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s or the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s weather forecasting and modeling may impact the insurance industry and increase costs. In addition, state laws, enforced by a variety of regulators, on issues such as privacy and cybersecurity may also increase expenses and require additional compliance activities.

The Federal Insurance Office, Financial Stability Oversight Council or other federal government agencies may enact reforms that affect the state insurance regulatory framework. The potential impact of state or federal measures that change the nature or scope of insurance and financial regulation is uncertain but may make it more expensive for us to conduct business and limit our ability to grow or maintain profitability.

Losses from legal and regulatory actions may be material to the results of operations, cash flows and financial condition

We are involved in various legal actions, including class action litigation challenging a range of company practices; including coverages provided by insurance products, some of which involve claims for substantial or indeterminate amounts. We are also involved in various regulatory actions and inquiries, including market conduct exams by state insurance regulatory agencies. In the event of an unfavorable outcome in any of these matters, the ultimate liability may be more than amounts currently accrued or disclosed in our reasonably possible loss range and may be material to the results of operations, cash flows and financial condition. Additionally, judicial or legislative conditions, such as trends in the size of jury awards, developments in the law relating to the liability of insurers or tort defendants, plaintiffs targeting insurers in purported class action litigation relating to claims handling and other practices, and rulings concerning the availability or amount of certain types of damages could cause our ultimate liabilities to change from current expectations.

For additional information, see Note 14 of the consolidated financial statements.

Changes in or the application of accounting standards issued by standard-setting bodies and changes in tax laws may adversely affect results of operations and financial condition

Our financial statements are subject to GAAP, which are periodically revised, interpreted or expanded. Accordingly, we may be required to adopt new guidance or interpretations, which may have a material effect on the results of operations and financial condition and could adversely impact financial strength ratings.

•Market declines, changes in business strategies or other events impacting the fair value of goodwill or purchased intangible assets could result in an impairment charge to income

•Realization of deferred tax assets assumes that we can fully utilize the deductions recognized for tax purposes; we may recognize additional tax expense if these assets are not fully utilized

•New tax legislative initiatives may be enacted that may impact the effective tax rate and could adversely affect our tax positions or tax liabilities

For further details, see the Regulation section, MD&A, Application of Critical Accounting Estimates and Note 2 of the consolidated financial statements.

Misconduct or fraudulent acts by employees, agents and third parties may expose us to financial loss, disruption of business, regulatory assessments and reputational harm

The Company is susceptible to past and future misconduct or fraudulent activities by employees, representative agents, vendors, customers and other third parties. These activities could include:

•Fraud against the Company, its employees and its customers through illegal or prohibited activities

•Unauthorized acts or representations, unauthorized use or disclosure of personal or proprietary information, deception, and misappropriation of funds or other benefits

•Violations of the Company’s Global Code of Business Conduct, including public-facing statements by employees that violate our policies

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2025 Form 10-K Part I - Item 1A. Risk Factors and Other Disclosures