ASSURED GUARANTY LTD (AGO) Business

ITEM 1.    BUSINESS

Overview

Assured Guaranty Ltd. (AGL and, together with its subsidiaries, Assured Guaranty or the Company) is a Bermuda-based holding company that provides, through its wholly-owned operating subsidiaries, credit protection products to the U.S. and non-U.S. public finance (including infrastructure) and structured finance markets. Assured Guaranty also participates in the asset management business.

Through its financial guaranty insurance subsidiaries, the Company applies its credit underwriting judgment, risk management skills and capital markets experience primarily to offer financial guaranty insurance, including nonpayment insurance, that protects holders of debt instruments and other monetary obligations from defaults in scheduled payments. If an obligor defaults on a scheduled payment due on an obligation, such as scheduled principal or interest payment (collectively, debt service), the Company is required under its unconditional and irrevocable financial guaranty to pay the shortfall of the scheduled amount to the holder of the obligation, but generally cannot be required by the holder to pay on an accelerated basis. The Company markets its financial guaranty insurance directly to issuers and underwriters of public finance and structured finance securities as well as to investors in such obligations. The Company guarantees obligations issued principally in the U.S. and the United Kingdom (U.K.), and also guarantees obligations issued in other countries and regions, including Western Europe and Australia. The Company also provides specialty insurance and reinsurance on transactions with risk profiles similar to those of its structured finance exposures written in financial guaranty form.

The Company participates in the asset management business through its ownership interest in Sound Point Capital Management, LP (Sound Point, LP) and certain of its investment management affiliates (together with Sound Point, LP, Sound Point), as described in greater detail under Item 1. Business — Asset Management.

On January 21, 2026, the Company purchased all of the outstanding share capital in Warwick Company (UK) Limited (which is the 100% indirect owner of Assured Life Reinsurance Ltd. (Assured Life Re, f/k/a Warwick Re Limited), for a purchase price of $158 million, subject to certain post-closing adjustments (Assured Life Re Acquisition). Assured Life Re is a Class E long-term (life) reinsurance company incorporated and registered in Bermuda and is rated BBB (Outlook Positive) (1/28/26) by Fitch Ratings, Inc. Assured Life Re focuses on annuity reinsurance including U.K. bulk purchase annuity (pension risk transfers) and U.S. multi-year guaranteed annuity transactions. The Assured Life Re Acquisition represents the Company's first platform dedicated solely to the life and annuity reinsurance business, further diversifying the risk profile and revenue opportunities of the Company.

See Item 1A. Risk Factors — Strategic Risks, captioned “The Assured Life Re Acquisition may negatively impact the Company, including how it is perceived by its investors, regulators, rating agencies or obligors it insures, as well as Assured Life Re’s business relationships,” “Entering the life and annuity reinsurance business may present integration risks and other risks specific to the life and annuity reinsurance business that could have a negative effect on the Company's business, results of operations or financial condition,” “Strategic transactions may not result in the benefits anticipated” and “The Company makes assumptions when pricing its life and annuity reinsurance products relating to longevity, mortality, policy lapses, withdrawals, surrenders, investment returns and expenses, and significant deviations in experience could negatively affect the Company’s financial condition and results of operations.”

The Company continually evaluates its key business strategies, which fall into four areas: (i) growth of its insurance and asset management businesses; (ii) loss mitigation, (iii) enhancement of investment returns through alternative investments; and (iv) capital management. The Company seeks to grow its core financial guaranty insurance business through new business production in established sectors and jurisdictions and by entering into new markets, lines and classes of business, and also through acquisitions of financial guarantors that are no longer actively writing new business (legacy financial guarantors) or their insured portfolios through reinsurance or novations. In addition, the Company seeks to leverage its core credit competencies by expanding its business into revenue streams independent of its financial guaranty insurance business, such as annuity reinsurance through its life and annuity reinsurance platform and its asset management business, with the objective of diversifying net income growth and generating high-return business opportunities. The Company also employs a number of strategies in an effort to mitigate losses in its insured portfolio. The Company seeks to optimize its investment returns and expects its relationship with Sound Point to enhance alternative investment opportunities for its insurance subsidiaries. Finally, the Company pursues strategies to efficiently allocate and utilize capital within the Assured Guaranty group.

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Insurance

Insurance Business

Financial Guaranty

Financial guaranty insurance generally provides an unconditional and irrevocable guaranty that protects the holder of a debt instrument or other monetary obligation against non-payment of debt service when due. Upon an obligor’s default on scheduled payments due on the debt obligation, whether due to its insolvency or otherwise, the Company is generally required under the financial guaranty contract to pay the investor the principal and interest shortfalls when due.

Financial guaranty insurance may be issued to all of the investors of the guaranteed series or tranche of a municipal bond or structured finance loan or other debt obligation at the time of issuance or it may be issued to specific individual holders of such obligations who purchase the Company’s credit protection either in the secondary market or on a bilateral basis where the borrower has purchased the financial guaranty to benefit its own obligations.

Both issuers of, and investors in, financial instruments may benefit from financial guaranty insurance. Issuers benefit when they purchase financial guaranty insurance for their new issue debt transaction because the insurance may have the effect of lowering an issuer’s interest cost over the life of the debt transaction to the extent that the insurance premium charged by the Company is less than the net present value of the difference between the yield on the obligation insured by Assured Guaranty (which carries the credit rating of the specific subsidiary that guarantees the debt obligation) and the yield on the debt obligation if sold on the basis of its uninsured credit rating. The principal benefit to investors is that the Company's financial guaranty provides increased certainty that scheduled payments will be received when due. The Company’s financial guaranty of bank loans may also provide policyholders with reduced regulatory capital requirements or relief from internally managed credit limits. Additionally, financial guaranty insurance may improve the marketability and liquidity of obligations, especially obligations with complex structures or backed by asset classes new to the market. In general, and especially in such instances, investors may be able to sell insured bonds more quickly and at a better price than the comparable uninsured debt.

As an alternative to traditional financial guaranty insurance, the Company also may provide credit protection relating to a particular debt obligation or obligor through a credit derivative contract, such as a credit default swap (CDS). Under the terms of a CDS, the provider of credit protection agrees to make a specified payment to the buyer of credit protection if one or more specified credit events occurs with respect to a reference obligation or entity. In general, the Company’s CDS provide that failure to pay debt service on the reference obligation is a credit event, but the Company’s rights and remedies under a CDS may be different and more limited than under financial guaranty insurance.

The Company also offers credit protection through reinsurance, and in the past has provided reinsurance to other financial guaranty insurers with respect to their financial guaranties of public finance, infrastructure and structured finance obligations. The Company believes that the financial guaranty opportunities currently available to it in the reinsurance market primarily consist of potentially assuming portfolios of transactions from legacy financial guarantors.

U.S. Public Finance Obligations   The Company insures and reinsures a number of different types of U.S. public finance obligations. The types of U.S. public finance obligations the Company insures include the following:

General Obligation Bonds are full faith and credit obligations that are issued by states, their political subdivisions and other municipal issuers, and are supported by the general obligation of the issuer to pay from available funds and by a pledge of the issuer to levy property taxes in an amount sufficient to provide for the full payment of the bonds.

Tax-Backed Bonds are obligations that are supported by the issuer from specific and discrete sources of taxation and tax-backed revenue bonds. Tax-backed obligations may be secured by a lien on specific pledged tax revenues, such as a gasoline or excise tax, or an income tax, or incrementally from growth in property tax revenue associated with growth in property values. These obligations also include obligations secured by special assessments levied against property owners and often benefit from issuer covenants to enforce collections of such assessments and to foreclose on delinquent properties. Lease revenue bonds typically are general fund obligations of a municipality or other governmental authority that are subject to annual appropriation or abatement; projects financed and subject to such lease payments ordinarily include real estate or equipment serving an essential public purpose.

Municipal Utility Bonds are obligations of all forms of municipal utilities, including electric, water and sewer utilities and resource recovery revenue bonds. These utilities may be organized in various forms, including municipal enterprise systems, authorities or joint action agencies.

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Transportation Bonds include a wide variety of revenue-supported obligations, such as bonds for airports, ports, tunnels, municipal parking facilities, toll roads and toll bridges.

Healthcare Bonds are obligations of healthcare facilities, including community-based hospitals and systems, and hospital districts.

Infrastructure Bonds include obligations issued by a variety of entities engaged in the financing of infrastructure projects, such as roads, airports, ports, military housing, social infrastructure, student accommodation and other physical assets delivering essential services supported by long-term concession arrangements with a public sector entity.

Higher Education Bonds are obligations secured by revenue collected by either public or private secondary schools, colleges and universities. Such revenue can encompass all of an institution’s revenue, including tuition and fees, or in other cases, can be specifically restricted to certain auxiliary sources of revenue or revenue relating to student accommodation.

Renewable Energy Bonds are obligations backed by revenue from renewable energy sources.

Other Public Finance Bonds include other debt issued, guaranteed or otherwise supported by U.S. national or local governmental authorities, as well as student loans, revenue bonds, housing revenue bonds, and obligations of some not-for-profit organizations.

A portion of the Company’s exposure to tax-backed bonds, municipal utility bonds and transportation bonds constitutes “special revenue” bonds under the United States Bankruptcy Code (Bankruptcy Code). Special revenue bonds benefit from a lien on the special revenues, after deducting necessary operating expenses, of the project or system from which the revenues are derived.

Non-U.S. Public Finance Obligations   The Company insures and reinsures a number of different types of non-U.S. public finance obligations. The types of non-U.S. public finance securities the Company insures and reinsures include the following:

Regulated Utility Obligations are obligations issued by government-regulated providers of essential services and commodities, including electric, water and gas utilities, supported by the rates and charges paid by the utilities’ customers. The majority of the Company’s non-U.S. regulated utility business is conducted in the U.K.

Infrastructure Finance Obligations are obligations issued by a variety of entities engaged in the financing of non-U.S. infrastructure projects, such as roads, airports, ports, social infrastructure, student accommodation, stadiums, and other physical assets delivering essential services supported either by long-term concession arrangements or a regulatory regime. The majority of the Company’s non-U.S. infrastructure business is conducted in the U.K.

Sovereign and Sub-Sovereign Obligations primarily includes obligations of local, municipal, regional or national governmental authorities or agencies outside of the U.S.

Renewable Energy Bonds are obligations secured by revenues relating to renewable energy sources, typically solar or wind farms. These transactions often benefit from regulatory support in the form of regulated minimum prices for the electricity produced. The majority of the Company’s non-U.S. renewable energy business is conducted in Spain.

Pooled Infrastructure Obligations are synthetic asset-backed obligations that take the form of CDS obligations or credit-linked notes that reference either infrastructure finance obligations or a pool of such obligations, with a defined deductible to cover credit risks associated with the referenced obligations. The Company has not entered into a pooled infrastructure transaction since 2006.

U.S. and Non-U.S. Structured Finance Obligations    The Company insures and reinsures a number of different types of U.S. and non-U.S. structured finance obligations. Structured finance counterparties and policy beneficiaries use the Company’s financial guaranty for a variety of reasons, including credit enhancement, risk syndication and regulatory capital optimization. Credit support for the exposures written by the Company may come from a variety of sources, including some combination of subordinated tranches, excess spread, over-collateralization or cash reserves. Additional support also may be

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provided by transaction provisions intended to benefit debt holders, investors and lenders. The types of U.S. and non-U.S. structured finance obligations the Company insures and reinsures include the following:

Insurance Reserve Financings and Securitizations are transactions, including life insurance transactions, where obligations are secured by the future earnings from pools of various types of insurance/reinsurance policies and income produced by invested assets.

Residential Mortgage-Backed Securities (RMBS) are obligations backed by first and second lien mortgage loans on residential properties. The credit quality of borrowers covers a broad range, including “prime,” “subprime” and “Alt-A.” A prime borrower is generally defined as one with strong risk characteristics as measured by factors such as payment history, credit score, and debt-to-income ratio. A subprime borrower is a borrower with higher risk characteristics. An Alt-A borrower is generally defined as a prime quality borrower that lacks certain ancillary characteristics, such as fully documented income. RMBS include home equity lines of credit (HELOCs), which refers to a type of residential mortgage-backed transaction backed by second-lien loan collateral. The Company has not provided insurance for RMBS in the primary market since 2008.

Fund Finance Facilities are primarily subscription finance which are credit facilities provided to closed-end private market funds, most frequently private-equity funds. The facilities are secured by the uncalled capital commitments of the limited partners (LPs) to the fund. The Company may guarantee new or existing facilities and on a single facility or portfolio basis. Assured Guaranty’s exposures are generally to facilities with characteristics that include a high-quality fund sponsor with strong historical performance, a diverse LP base composed primarily of institutional LPs and experienced bank lenders.

Pooled Corporate Obligations are securities primarily backed by various types of corporate debt obligations, such as secured or unsecured bonds, bank loans or loan participations and trust preferred securities. These securities are often issued in “tranches,” with subordinated tranches providing credit support to the more senior tranches. The Company’s financial guaranty exposures generally are to the more senior tranches of these issues.

Financial Products is the guarantee of certain business written by financial products companies owned by Dexia SA, which comprised guaranteed investment contracts, medium term notes and equity payment undertaking agreements associated with leveraged lease business. This business is being run off with the final maturity due in 2031. Assured Guaranty is indemnified by Dexia SA and certain of its affiliates against loss from the financial products business.

Other Structured Finance Obligations are obligations backed by assets not generally described in any of the other U.S. and Non-U.S. Structured Finance Obligations categories above.

Specialty Business

The Company also guarantees specialty business with similar risk profiles to its structured finance exposures written in financial guaranty form. Specialty business includes, for example, diversified real estate, insurance reserve financings and securitizations, pooled corporate obligations and aircraft residual value insurance transactions.

Exposure Limits, Underwriting Process, and Credit Policy

Exposure Limits

The Company establishes exposure limits and underwriting criteria for obligors, sectors and countries, and for individual insurance transactions. Risk exposure limits for single obligors are based on the Company’s capital resources and its assessment of potential frequency and severity of loss as well as other factors, such as historical and stressed collateral performance. Moreover, these limits may also be constrained by both regulatory limits or rating agency requirements. Sector limits are based on the Company’s view of stress losses for the sector and on its assessment of correlation. Country limits are based on the size and stability of the relevant economy, and the Company’s view of the political environment and legal system. All of the foregoing limits are established in relation to the Company’s capital base. In certain cases, however, the Company’s ultimate exposure may exceed its underwriting guidelines (caused by, for example, bond accretion exceeding the risk limitation, acquisitions, reassumptions or other strategic exceptions). See Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Economic, Market and Political Conditions and Natural Phenomena captioned “The Company may be subjected to significant risks from large individual or correlated financial guaranty insurance exposures.”

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Underwriting Process

The underwriting process for each insurance transaction involves underwriters, credit personnel and lawyers who analyze the structure of a potential transaction and the credit and legal issues pertinent to the particular line of business or asset class. Some transactions also involve accounting personnel who review the transactions to determine the appropriate accounting treatment. Formal credit reports for each proposed insurance transaction are assessed and approved by a credit committee composed of senior officers of the Company.

The Company maintains underwriting manuals that articulate the application of the principles in its risk appetite statement to its insurance business. For new business, generally a risk must be viewed by the Company as investment grade at the time of underwriting to be eligible for insurance. The underwriting manuals also articulate the Company’s exposure limits and credit policies applicable to specific products.

U.S. Public Finance. For U.S. public finance transactions, the Company’s underwriters generally analyze the issuer’s historical financial statements and, where warranted, develop stress case projections to test the issuer’s ability to make timely debt service payments under stressful economic conditions.

The Company focuses principally on the credit quality of the obligor based on population size and trends, wealth factors, and strength of the economy. The Company evaluates the obligor’s liquidity position; its fiscal management policies and track record; its ability to raise revenues and control expenses; and its exposure to derivative contracts and to debt subject to acceleration. The Company assesses the obligor’s pension and other post-employment benefits obligations, if applicable, and funding policies and evaluates the obligor’s ability to adequately fund such obligations in the future. The Company analyzes other critical risk factors including the type of issue; the repayment source; pledged security, if any; the presence of restrictive covenants and the tenor of the risk. The Company also considers the ability of obligors to file for bankruptcy or receivership under applicable statutes (and on related statutes that provide for state oversight or fiscal control over financially troubled obligors). The Company evaluates the impact of environmental and climate change risks, including natural perils, on the ability of the obligor to meet its financial obligations over the life of the insured transaction. Such risks may include rising sea levels, hurricanes, wildfires and earthquakes. The Company also assesses resilience measures undertaken by the obligor and the potential availability (or lack thereof) of state and/or federal aid in the event of a natural disaster.

In cases of not-for-profit institutions, such as healthcare issuers and private higher education issuers, the Company focuses on the financial stability of the institution, its competitive position and its management experience, restrictive covenants imposed on the obligor for the benefit of debt holders, and reliance on governmental aid or payments such as Medicaid, Medicare and the Affordable Care Act by healthcare issuers and research grants by higher education issuers.

The Company’s credit policy for U.S. infrastructure transactions is substantially similar to that of non-U.S. infrastructure transactions described below.

Non-U.S. Public Finance Transactions. For non-U.S. transactions, the Company undertakes an analysis of the country or countries in which the risk resides, or in the case of a bilateral agreement, the country where the beneficiary resides, which includes regulatory and political risk as well as economic and demographic characteristics. For each transaction, the Company also performs an assessment of the legal framework governing the transaction and the laws affecting the underlying assets supporting the obligations to be insured.

The underwriting of regulated utilities outside of the U.S. primarily focuses on financial strength of the utility, financial covenants made by the utility, and regulations relevant to the specific jurisdiction. The Company also assesses each transaction for material environmental and climate change risks, and incorporates its assessment into its underwriting decisions.

For non-U.S. infrastructure transactions, the Company reviews the type of project (e.g., utility, hospital, road, social housing, transportation or student accommodation) and the source of repayment of the debt. For certain transactions, debt service and operational expenses are covered by availability payments made by either a governmental or not-for-profit entity. The availability payments are due if the project is available for use, regardless of whether the project actually is in use. The principal risks for such transactions are construction risk and operational risk.

For other transactions, notably transactions secured by toll-roads, student accommodation and stadiums (i.e., assets subject to demand risk), revenues derived from the project must be sufficient to make debt service payments, net of operating expenses, as well as cover the upfront operating expenses it experiences during the build phase before revenues are generated.

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For infrastructure transactions, underwriters generally use financial models to evaluate the ability of the transaction to generate adequate cash flow to service the debt under a variety of scenarios. The models include economically stressed scenarios that the underwriters use for their assessment of the potential credit risk inherent in a particular transaction. Stress models developed internally by the Company’s underwriters reflect both empirical research and information gathered from third parties, such as rating agencies, or investment banks or technical advisers. The Company may also engage advisers such as consultants and external counsel to assist in analyzing a transaction’s financial or legal risks.

The Company’s due diligence for infrastructure projects also includes: a financial review of the entity seeking the development of the project (usually a governmental entity or university); a financial and operational review of the developer, the construction companies, and the project operator; and a financial review of the various providers of operational financial protection for the bondholders (and therefore the insurer), including construction surety providers, letter-of-credit providers, and banks. The Company uses outside consultants to review the construction program and to assess whether the project can be completed on time and on budget. The Company projects the cost of replacing the construction company, including delays in construction, in the event that a construction company is unable to complete the construction for any reason. Construction security packages are sized appropriately to cover these risks and the Company requires such coverage from credit-worthy institutions.

U.S. Structured Finance. Structured finance obligations generally present three distinct forms of risk: asset risk, pertaining to the amount and quality of assets underlying an issue; structural risk, pertaining to the extent to which an issuer's legal structure provides protection from loss; and execution risk, which is the risk that poor performance by a servicer or collateral manager contributes to a decline in the cash flow available to the transaction. Each of these risks is addressed through the Company’s underwriting process. The underwriter is also required to assess the presence of any environmental or climate change risk and, to the extent there are notable environmental or climate change risks, analyze the potential impact, if any, of these risks on the transaction over its expected life, and present this assessment to the credit committee.

For structured finance transactions, underwriters generally use financial models to evaluate the ability of the transaction to generate adequate cash flow to service the debt under a variety of hypothetical scenarios. The models include economically stressed scenarios that the underwriters use for their assessment of the potential credit risk inherent in a particular transaction. Stress models developed internally by the Company’s underwriters reflect both empirical research and information gathered from third parties, such as rating agencies or investment banks. Generally, the amount and quality of asset coverage required with respect to a structured finance exposure is dependent upon both the historic performance of the asset class, as well as the Company’s view of the future performance of the subject assets.

The Company may also engage advisers such as consultants and external counsel to assist in analyzing a transaction's financial or legal risks. The Company may also conduct a due diligence review that includes, among other things, a site visit to the project or facility, meetings with issuer management, review of underwriting and operational procedures, file reviews, and review of financial procedures and computer systems.

In addition, structured securities usually are designed to protect investors (and therefore the insurer or reinsurer) from the bankruptcy or insolvency of the entity that originated the underlying assets, as well as the bankruptcy or insolvency of the servicer or manager of those assets.

The Company conducts due diligence on the collateral that supports its insured transactions. The principal focus of the due diligence is to confirm the underlying collateral was originated in accordance with the stated underwriting criteria of the asset originator. The Company also conducts audits of servicing or other management procedures, reviewing critical aspects of these procedures such as cash management and collections. The Company may, for certain transactions, obtain background checks on key managers of the originator, servicer or manager of the obligations underlying that transaction.

Non-U.S. Structured Finance. The underwriting process for Non-U.S. Structured Finance transactions is substantially similar to the procedures described above for U.S. Structured Finance transactions, with additional consideration for the risks relating to the relevant jurisdiction for each transaction.

Importance of Financial Strength Ratings

Financial strength ratings reflect a rating agency’s opinion of an insurer’s ability to pay under its insurance policies and contracts in accordance with their terms. When an insurance subsidiary of the Company guarantees an obligation, the issuer or another party may request that one or more rating agencies providing financial strength ratings on such insurer assign that

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insurer’s financial strength rating to the specific obligation it guaranteed. The ability to uplift credit ratings of underlying obligations is one attribute that makes the Company’s insurance products attractive in the market.

An insurer’s financial strength rating itself is not specific to any particular policy or contract; a rating agency instead assigns such rating to the insured obligation. A financial strength rating does not refer to an insurer's ability to meet non-insurance obligations and is not a recommendation to purchase any policy or contract issued by an insurer or to buy, hold, or sell any security insured by an insurer. The insurance financial strength ratings assigned by the rating agencies are based upon factors that the rating agencies believe are relevant to policyholders and are not directed toward the protection of investors in AGL’s common shares. Ratings reflect only the views of the respective rating agencies assigning them and are subject to continuous review and revision or withdrawal at any time.

Low financial strength ratings or uncertainty over the Company’s ability to maintain its financial strength ratings for its insurance subsidiaries would have a negative impact on issuers’ and investors’ perceptions of the value of the Company’s insurance product. Therefore, the Company manages its business with the goal of achieving high financial strength ratings.

A major component in arriving at a financial guaranty insurer’s rating has been the rating agency’s assessment of the insurer’s capital adequacy, with each rating agency employing its own proprietary model. These capital adequacy approaches include “stress case” loss assumptions for various risks or risk categories. The rating agencies have at various times materially increased stress case loss assumptions for various risks or risk categories, in some cases later reducing such stress case losses. This approach has made predicting the amount of capital required to maintain or attain a certain rating more difficult. In addition, both S&P Global Ratings, a division of Standard & Poor’s Financial Services LLC (S&P), and Moody’s Investors Service, Inc. (Moody’s) have applied other factors, some of which are subjective, such as the insurer's business strategy and franchise value or the anticipated future demand for its product, to justify ratings for the Company’s insurance subsidiaries below the ratings implied by their own capital adequacy models. Currently, for example, S&P has concluded that Assured Guaranty’ insurance subsidiaries have “AAA” capital adequacy under the S&P model (but apply a downward adjustment due to a “largest obligor test” and rate them “AA”) and Moody’s has concluded that AG has “Aa” capital adequacy under the Moody’s model (but rates it A1 based on other factors including the rating agency’s assessment of competitive profile, future profitability and market share). The application of these additional factors makes it uncertain whether a rating downgrade could generally be avoided by raising additional capital or otherwise improving capital adequacy under the rating agency’s model.

Despite the unpredictable application of subjective factors that are in addition to a rating agency’s assessment of insurers’ capital adequacy, the Company has been able to maintain strong financial strength ratings. The Company believes that if the financial strength ratings of any of its insurance subsidiaries were downgraded from their current levels, such downgrade could result in downward pressure on the premium that such insurance subsidiary would be able to charge for its insurance. The Company believes that so long as its insurance subsidiaries continue to have financial strength ratings in the double-A category from at least one of S&P or Moody’s, they are likely to be able to continue writing financial guaranty business with a credit quality similar to that historically written. However, if neither S&P nor Moody’s were to maintain financial strength ratings of an insurance subsidiary in the double-A category, or if either S&P or Moody’s were to downgrade an insurance subsidiary below the single-A level, it could be extremely difficult or impossible for such insurance subsidiary to originate the current volume of new financial guaranty business with comparable credit characteristics.

The Company periodically assesses the value of each rating assigned to each of its companies and may, as a result of such assessment, request that a rating agency add or drop a rating from certain of its companies. For example, a Moody’s rating was dropped from Assured Guaranty Re Ltd. (AG Re) and Assured Guaranty Re Overseas Ltd. (AGRO) in 2015.

See Item 1A. Risk Factors — Strategic Risks, captioned “A downgrade of the financial strength or financial enhancement ratings of any of the Company’s insurance or reinsurance subsidiaries may adversely affect its business prospects.”

Market Demand and Competition

Financial Guaranty Insurance

Assured Guaranty is the market leader in the financial guaranty industry. The Company’s position in the market benefits from its ability to maintain strong financial strength ratings, its strong claims-paying resources, its proven willingness and ability to make claim payments to policyholders after obligors have defaulted, and its ability to achieve recoveries in respect of the claims that it has paid and to resolve its troubled public finance and structured finance exposures, including RMBS.

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Market demand for financial guaranty insurance in the public finance (including infrastructure) market is generally driven by the difference in yield (or the credit spread) between an insured bond and an uninsured bond. When the difference in yield (or the credit spread) between a bond insured by Assured Guaranty and an uninsured bond is narrow, as is often the case in a low interest rate environment, investors may prefer greater yield over insurance protection, and issuers may find the cost savings from insurance less compelling. In contrast, when credit spreads are wider, there is comparatively more room for issuer savings and insurance premium. However, credit spreads may be narrower in a higher interest rate environment, as occurred in late 2022, and credit spreads may widen in a low interest rate environment, as occurred after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic as a result of market concerns about the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on some municipal credits. In the secondary public finance (including infrastructure) market, demand for financial guaranty insurance may also be influenced by capital requirements and counterparty credit exposures. For a discussion of the economic environment, see Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Overview — Economic Environment.

In the U.S. public finance market, Assured Guaranty is the only financial guaranty company active before the 2008 financial crisis that has maintained sufficient financial strength to write new business continuously since the crisis began. Assured Guaranty has only one direct competitor for public finance financial guaranty business, Build America Mutual Assurance Company (BAM), a mutual insurance company that commenced business in 2012.

The Company estimates that, of the new U.S. public finance bonds sold with insurance in 2025, the Company insured approximately 58% of the par, while BAM insured approximately 42%. The Company believes that BAM is effective in competing with it for small to medium sized U.S. public finance transactions in certain sectors, and may in the future compete for non-U.S. transactions. BAM sometimes prices its guaranties at levels that the Company does not believe produces an adequate rate of return and, therefore, the Company will not match. In addition, the Company believes that these pricing strategies may have a negative impact on the amount of premium it is able to charge for its insurance in other transactions. However, the Company believes it has competitive advantages over BAM due to: AG’s larger capital base; AG’s ability to insure larger transactions and issuances in more diverse bond sectors; BAM’s higher leverage ratios than those of AG; and AG’s strong financial strength ratings from multiple rating agencies (in the case of AG, AA+ from Kroll Bond Rating Agency (KBRA), AA from S&P and A1 from Moody’s, compared with BAM’s AA solely from S&P). Additionally, as a public company with access to both the equity and debt capital markets, Assured Guaranty may have greater flexibility to raise capital, if needed.

In the U.S. and non-U.S. structured finance markets, Assured Guaranty is the only financial guaranty insurance company currently writing new guaranties. Management considers the Company’s greater diversification to be a competitive advantage in the long run because it means the Company is not wholly dependent on conditions in any one market. The majority of the Company’s new structured finance business is represented by bilateral transactions with counterparties (typically insurance companies or banks) where the motivation to buy its product relates to capital savings, and/or single risk or sectoral risk management. In the securitization markets, uninsured execution occurs in both public and private transactions primarily where bonds are sold with sufficient credit or structural enhancement embedded in transactions, such as through overcollateralization, first loss insurance, excess spread or other terms, to make the bonds attractive to investors without bond insurance.

In the future, additional new entrants into the financial guaranty industry could reduce the Company’s new business prospects, including by furthering price competition or offering financial guaranty insurance on transactions with structural and security features that are more favorable to the issuers than those required by Assured Guaranty. However, the Company believes that the presence of additional guarantors might also increase the overall visibility and acceptance of the product by a broadening group of investors, and the fact that investors are willing to commit fresh capital to the industry may promote market confidence in the product.

In addition to financial guaranty insurance companies, Assured Guaranty competes with other forms of credit enhancement such as letters of credit or credit derivatives provided by banks and other financial institutions (some of which are governmental enterprises), other forms of capital savings or risk syndication, including nonpayment insurance, and direct guaranties of municipal, structured finance or other debt by federal or state governments or government sponsored or affiliated agencies. Alternative credit enhancement structures, and in particular federal government credit enhancement or other programs, can interfere with the Company’s new business prospects, particularly if they provide direct government-level guaranties, restrict the use of third-party financial guaranties or reduce the amount of transactions that might qualify for financial guaranties.

The Company believes that issuers and investors in securities will continue to purchase financial guaranty insurance, especially if credit spreads widen. U.S. municipalities have budgetary requirements that are best met through financings in the

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fixed income capital markets. Historically, smaller municipal issuers have frequently used financial guaranties in order to access the capital markets with new debt offerings at a lower all-in interest rate than on an unguaranteed basis. In addition, the Company expects long-term debt financings for infrastructure projects will grow throughout the world, as will the financing needs associated with privatization initiatives or refinancing of infrastructure projects in developed countries.

The Company evaluates the amount of capital it requires based on an internal capital model as well as rating agency models and insurance regulations. The Company believes it has excess capital based on its internal capital model and rating agency models, and, to the extent permitted by insurance regulation or other regulatory authority, has been returning some of its excess capital to shareholders by repurchasing its common shares and paying dividends, and has been deploying some of its excess capital to acquire financial guaranty portfolios and diversify the Company’s sources of earnings.

Annuity Reinsurance

The life and annuity reinsurance market is highly competitive. The Company expects to face competition from established life and annuity reinsurance companies that have significant operating histories, strong financial strength ratings and long-standing client relationships. While the Company believes that its annuity reinsurance platform provides a compelling market proposition, it may experience difficulties executing its business strategies, including market acceptance of the Assured Life Re platform and obtaining acceptable market rates of return for business opportunities. See Item 1A. Risk Factors, Strategic Risks, captioned “Competition in the Company’s industries may adversely affect its financial condition, results of operations, capital, business prospects and share price.”

Financial Guaranty Insurance Acquisitions

Since 2009, the Company has acquired financial guaranty portfolios, including by acquiring legacy financial guarantors or acquiring (through reinsurance) substantial portions of their insured portfolios, and by commuting business that the Company had previously ceded prior to 2009 to various non-affiliated legacy financial guarantors and multiline reinsurers that were active in the financial guaranty reinsurance market. The Company also has periodically assumed, on a quota share basis, selected insured transactions from certain other legacy financial guarantors. The Company continues to investigate additional opportunities related to remaining legacy financial guaranty portfolios, but the number and size of the opportunities have decreased and there can be no assurance of whether or when the Company will find suitable opportunities on appropriate terms.

Insurance Subsidiaries

The Company conducts financial guaranty business through its financial guaranty insurance subsidiaries:

•Assured Guaranty Inc. (AG), domiciled in Maryland, and its insurance subsidiaries:

▪Assured Guaranty UK Limited (AGUK), domiciled in the U.K.;

▪Assured Guaranty (Europe) SA (AGE), domiciled in France;

•AG Re, domiciled in Bermuda, and its insurance subsidiary:

▪AGRO, domiciled in Bermuda.

The following is a description of the Company’s financial guaranty insurance subsidiaries:

•Assured Guaranty Inc. AG is located in New York and domiciled in Maryland, was incorporated in 1985 and commenced operations in 1988. It provides financial guaranty insurance and reinsurance in the U.S., U.K., European Economic Area (EEA) and certain other countries. Effective August 1, 2024, AG’s U.S. affiliate, Assured Guaranty Municipal Corp. (AGM) merged with and into AG, with AG as the surviving company. Prior to the merger, AGM was an insurance subsidiary of the Company.

•Assured Guaranty UK Limited AGUK provides financial guaranties in the U.K. and certain other non-EEA countries. AGUK is a U.K. incorporated private limited company licensed as a U.K. insurance company and located in England. AGUK was organized in 1990 and issued its first financial guaranty in 1994.

•Assured Guaranty (Europe) SA. AGE (together with AGUK, the European Insurance Subsidiaries) is a French incorporated company located in France and established in 2019 that has been authorized by the French insurance and banking supervisory authority, the Autorité de Contrôle Prudentiel et de Résolution (ACPR), to conduct financial guaranty business. AGE writes new business in the EEA.

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•Assured Guaranty Re Ltd. AG Re primarily underwrites financial guaranty reinsurance of certain affiliated companies and third-party primary insurers. AG Re is incorporated under the laws of Bermuda and is registered and licensed as a Class 3B insurer under the Insurance Act 1978 and related regulations of Bermuda.

•Assured Guaranty Re Overseas Ltd. AGRO underwrites direct and assumed financial guaranty insurance, and also underwrites specialty business. AGRO is incorporated under the laws of Bermuda and is registered and licensed as a Bermuda Class 3A and Class C insurer.

The Company conducts its life and annuity reinsurance business through Assured Life Re, which was acquired by the Company on January 21, 2026. Assured Life Re is incorporated under the laws of Bermuda and is registered and licensed as a Bermuda Class E insurer.

Support of the European Insurance Subsidiaries

AG Support of AGUK

AG and AGUK have in place a co-guarantee structure pursuant to which each of AG and AGUK directly guarantees a share of certain issued obligations (Co-Guarantee Structure). Under the current Co-Guarantee Structure in effect since January 1, 2026: (i) AGUK directly guarantees 50% of the obligations issued in a particular transaction, subject to a guaranteed original principal amount limit of £100 million per transaction; (ii) AG directly guarantees 50% of the issued obligations, plus any principal amounts in excess of the foregoing AGUK limit; and (iii) AG also provides a second-to-pay guarantee for AGUK’s guaranteed portion of the obligations. For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2025, the Co-Guarantee Structure split was 15% AGUK and 85% AG. The Co-Guarantee Structure has been in place since 2011 for public finance business and since 2021 for non-public finance business.

Separate and apart from the Co-Guarantee Structure, AG provides support to AGUK through a quota share and excess of loss reinsurance agreement (Reinsurance Agreement) and a net worth maintenance agreement (Net Worth Agreement).

Under the quota share cover of the Reinsurance Agreement, AG reinsures varying proportional shares of most of the outstanding financial guaranties that AGUK wrote prior to the initial implementation of the Co-Guarantee Structure in 2011. The quota share cover of the Reinsurance Agreement also obligates AG to reinsure 85% of new business written by AGUK where the Co-Guarantee Structure cannot be utilized; currently, there is no such outstanding business at AGUK. Under the excess of loss cover of the Reinsurance Agreement, AG is obligated to pay AGUK quarterly the amount (if any) necessary to ensure that AGUK’s incurred and paid losses and loss adjustment expenses (LAE) as of the quarter end do not cause AGUK’s capital resources to fall below 110% of the greatest amount of capital that AGUK may be required to maintain as a condition to carrying on a financial guarantee business in the U.K. AG secures its quota share reinsurance obligations to AGUK under the Reinsurance Agreement by pledging collateral generally equal to 102% of the sum of AG’s assumed liabilities from AGUK.

Under the Net Worth Agreement, AG is obligated to make capital contributions to AGUK in amounts sufficient to ensure that AGUK maintains capital resources equal to 110% of the greatest amount of capital that AGUK may be required to maintain as a condition to carrying on a financial guarantee business in the U.K., subject to limitations on the amounts of individual and aggregate contributions AG can make under the agreement without approval (or non-disapproval) of the Maryland Insurance Administration (MIA). The Net Worth Agreement obligates AG to provide AGUK with support similar to that which AG also provides AGUK under the excess of loss cover of the Reinsurance Agreement, except the latter is meant to protect against erosion of AGUK’s capital resources due to insurance and/or reinsurance losses in AGUK’s insured portfolio, while the former is meant to protect against an erosion of AGUK’s capital resources for other reasons (e.g., poor investment performance or origination expenses exceeding premium). AG has never been required to make any contributions to AGUK’s capital under the current Net Worth Agreement; however, AG may elect to make, from time to time and subject to MIA approval or non-disapproval, capital contributions to AGUK not required by the Net Worth Agreement.

AG Support of AGE

AGE has in place similar reinsurance and capital support agreements as are in place with AGUK.

AG’s reinsurance agreements with AGE generally apply to all AGE policies that insure business in EEA jurisdictions. These agreements consist of: (i) a quota share reinsurance agreement pursuant to which AG provides AGE with 90% proportional reinsurance for new business written by AGE since its authorization in January 2020; (ii)     a second quota share reinsurance agreement pursuant to which AG reinsures approximately 70-100% of certain pre-2020 business transferred

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to AGE by AGUK; and (iii) an excess of loss reinsurance agreement, similar to the excess of loss cover of AG’s Reinsurance Agreement with AGUK, pursuant to which AG is obligated to pay AGE quarterly the amount (if any) necessary to ensure that AGE’s incurred and paid losses and LAE as of the quarter end do not cause AGE’s capital resources to fall below 110% of the greatest amount of capital that AGE may be required to maintain as a condition to carrying on a financial guarantee business in France. AG secures its quota share reinsurance obligations to AGE under the agreements described above by pledging collateral generally equal to 102% of AG’s assumed liabilities from AGE.

AG also has in place with AGE a net worth maintenance agreement that is similar to AG’s Net Worth Agreement with AGUK - i.e., the former obligates AG to ensure that AGE maintains capital resources at least equal to 110% of its greatest capital requirement for carrying on a financial guarantee business in France, subject to limitations on the amount of individual and aggregate contributions that AG can make under the agreement without MIA approval or non-disapproval. AG may elect to make, from time to time and subject to MIA approval or non-disapproval, capital contributions to AGE not required by the net worth maintenance agreement.

Other Group Support of the European Insurance Subsidiaries for Certain Legacy Business

AG Re also provides reinsurance support to the European Insurance Subsidiaries for certain legacy business that was insured prior to 2009 by AGUK. Some of this business continues to reside at AGUK, while some was transferred to AGE by AGUK. AG Re does not currently provide direct reinsurance support for new business being written by AGUK or AGE. AG Re secures its reinsurance of the legacy business by pledging collateral generally equal to 102% of its assumed liabilities from each of AGUK and AGE.

Asset Management

Until July 1, 2023, the Company served as an investment adviser to primarily collateralized loan obligations (CLOs) and opportunity funds, through Assured Investment Management LLC (AssuredIM LLC) and its investment management affiliates (together with AssuredIM LLC, AssuredIM). Beginning July 1, 2023, the Company participates in the asset management business through its ownership interest in Sound Point, LP and certain of its investment management affiliates (together with Sound Point, LP, Sound Point), as described below.

On July 1, 2023, Assured Guaranty contributed to Sound Point, LP most of its asset management business, other than that conducted by Assured Healthcare Partners LLC (AHP) (AssuredIM Contributed Business), as contemplated by the transaction agreement entered into with Sound Point on April 5, 2023 (Transaction Agreement). Assured Guaranty received, subject to certain potential post-closing adjustments, approximately 30% of the common interests in Sound Point, LP, and certain other interests in Sound Point. See Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1. Business and Basis of Presentation, for additional information.

In addition, in accordance with the terms of a letter agreement (Letter Agreement), effective July 1, 2023, AG (i) engaged Sound Point as its sole alternative credit manager and (ii) transitioned to Sound Point the management of certain existing alternative investments and related commitments. The Letter Agreement also provides that AG, including through its investment subsidiary AG Asset Strategies LLC, would, subject to the terms and conditions of the Letter Agreement, make new investments in funds, other vehicles and separately managed accounts managed by Sound Point which, when aggregated with the alternative investments and commitments transitioned from the Company and any reinvestments (collectively, Sound Point Investments), and investments made by other Assured Guaranty affiliates, will total $1 billion. AG has made substantial investments with Sound Point across a variety of their strategies in order to seek to enhance its investment returns and anticipates continuing to invest with Sound Point pursuant to the terms of the Letter Agreement. The Letter Agreement contemplates a long-term investment partnership between Sound Point and Assured Guaranty, whereby AG has agreed to reinvest all returns of capital from Sound Point Investments for a period of 15 years, until July 1, 2038. Similarly, the Letter Agreement provides that AG reinvest all gains and dividends from Sound Point Investments for the first two years of Sound Point’s engagement, and reinvest half of all such gains and dividends thereafter until July 1, 2033 (the transactions contemplated under the Transaction Agreement and the Letter Agreement, the Sound Point Transaction). On July 1, 2028, AG may choose to reduce the amounts invested or required to be reinvested in certain Sound Point Investments under the Letter Agreement, subject to adjustment of Assured Guaranty’s portion of its ownership interest in Sound Point. To the extent not required to be reinvested by the Letter Agreement, all proceeds from Sound Point Investments received in accordance with their operative investment documents can be distributed to AG. See Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7. Investments and Cash.

The Company’s ownership interest in Sound Point advances one of the Company’s key business strategies to diversify its sources of earnings into fee-based industries that leverage its core competency in credit. In addition, the Company’s

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alternative investments made under the Letter Agreement with Sound Point furthers the Company’s goal of diversifying and expanding the categories and types of its investments.

In July 2023, Assured Guaranty sold all of its equity interests in AHP, which manages healthcare funds, to an entity owned and controlled by the managing partner of AHP (AHP Transaction), thereby disposing of its remaining asset management business. In connection with the AHP Transaction, the Company agreed to remain a strategic investor in certain AHP managed funds, retained its portion of carried interest in certain AHP managed funds and received other consideration.

See Item 1A. Risk Factors, Strategic Risks, captioned “Competition in the Company’s industries may adversely affect its financial condition, results of operations, capital, business prospects and share price,” “Strategic transactions may not result in the benefits anticipated,” “The Company’s investments in Sound Point are subject to the risks of Sound Point’s business that may adversely affect the Company’s financial condition, results of operations, capital, business prospects and share price,” and “The Company’s interest in Sound Point is subject to the risks normally associated with a noncontrolling interest.”

Asset Management Strategies

The Company participates in the asset management business through its ownership interest in Sound Point. Sound Point, LP was founded in 2008 and has five main credit strategies: (i) CLOs and performing credit, (ii) private credit, (iii) structured credit, (iv) opportunistic credit, and (v) commercial real estate credit. Sound Point also makes co-investments across the foregoing strategies. The Company invests in certain of Sound Point, LP’s credit strategies. These strategies are implemented for clients, including the Company, through funds and customized separately managed accounts and co-investment opportunities as further described below and in Sound Point, LP’s Firm Brochure on Form ADV Part 2A filed with the SEC. Sound Point, LP’s Firm Brochure and other U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings are maintained by Sound Point, LP, which remains solely responsible for their content.

Sound Point, LP’s CLO Strategy focuses on launching and managing CLOs (SP CLOs) whose investment assets primarily include corporate senior-secured bank loans and bonds. Sound Point, LP’s CLO Strategy also includes managing funds and vehicles that invest in securities issued by SP CLOs and residual interests in warehouse facilities for such CLOs. Sound Point, LP’s Performing Credit Floating Rate Strategy primarily focuses on performing non-investment grade corporate senior-secured bank loans and bonds.

Sound Point, LP’s Private Credit Strategy is comprised of the following sub-strategies: Middle Market Direct Lending Capital Solutions and Specialty Finance. Middle Market Direct Lending primarily focuses on privately negotiated, secured loans to U.S. middle-market companies. Capital Solutions primarily focuses on investments in senior secured debt, junior secured debt, accounts receivable financings, mezzanine debt and equity or equity linked securities and Specialty Finance Strategy which invests in specialty finance assets, financial technology, marketplace lending, consumer finance, structured finance and securitized products related to specialty finance lenders.

Sound Point, LP’s Structured Credit Strategy primarily invests in the equity and debt of Third Party CLOs as well as the residual interests in warehouse facilities for such CLOs.

Sound Point, LP’s Opportunistic Credit Strategy is comprised of both a Credit Opportunity Strategy and a Loan Opportunity Strategy. The Credit Opportunity Strategy primarily focuses on corporate bonds, senior-secured bank loans and equities and the Loan Opportunity Strategy primarily focuses on distressed bonds, distressed bank loans, public and private equity, and trade claims.

Sound Point, LP’s Commercial Real Estate Credit Strategy focuses on commercial mortgage loans and debt where commercial real estate properties serve as the underlying collateral.

Market Demand and Competition

Asset Management

The Company’s Asset Management segment primarily consists of its ownership interest in Sound Point, a diversified alternative asset manager with expertise in credit and more than $44 billion in assets under management (AUM) as of September 30, 2025. Sound Point’s stated primary investment objectives across its products are (i) to preserve capital in all market conditions and (ii) to generate attractive rates of return with low volatility. Sound Point manages assets on behalf of institutions, pensions, foundations, insurance companies, wealth management firms, family offices and high net worth individuals.

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Sound Point operates in highly competitive markets with many other firms in every aspect of the asset management industry, including raising funds, seeking investments, and hiring and retaining professionals. Sound Point’s ability to increase and retain AUM is directly related to the performance of the assets it manages as measured against market averages and the performance of its competitors. Some of Sound Point’s competitors may be much larger, enjoy a lower cost of funds and access to funding and other resources that are not available to Sound Point. In addition, some of Sound Point’s competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments that depart from Sound Point’s stated investment objectives, which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments that Sound Point may not be willing to match.

Investments

The Company invests primarily in investment-grade fixed-maturity securities and short-term investments, as well as various alternative investments. Income from the Company’s investments is one of the primary sources of cash flow supporting its ability to make claim payments and bear other operational costs, as well as its capital management objectives. The Company’s principal objectives in managing its investment portfolio are to maintain sufficient liquidity to cover unexpected stress in the insurance portfolio; to maximize after tax book income; to manage investment risk within the context of the underlying portfolio of insurance risk; and to preserve the highest possible ratings for each Assured Guaranty subsidiary.

If the Company’s calculations with respect to its insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities are incorrect or other unanticipated payment obligations arise, or if the Company improperly structures its investments to meet these and other corporate liabilities, it could have unexpected losses, including losses resulting from forced liquidation of investments. The investment policies of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries are subject to insurance law requirements, and may change depending upon regulatory, economic, rating agency and market conditions and the existing or anticipated financial condition and operating requirements, including the tax position, of Assured Guaranty. The performance of invested assets is subject to the ability of the Company and its investment managers to select and manage appropriate investments.

As of December 31, 2025, the investment portfolio had a carrying value of $8.5 billion and consisted primarily of the following:

Fixed-maturity securities and short-term investments: As of December 31, 2025, $7.4 billion or 87% of the investment portfolio consisted of fixed-maturity securities and short-term investments. As of December 31, 2025, the majority (67%, or $5.7 billion) of the fixed-maturity securities and short-term investments was managed by Goldman Sachs Asset Management, L.P., Wellington Management Company, LLP, and MacKay Shields LLC. Each of these investment managers has discretionary authority over the portion of the investment portfolio it manages, within the limits of the investment guidelines approved by the Company’s Board of Directors (the Board or AGL’s Board). Each manager is compensated based upon a fixed percentage of the market value of the portion of the portfolio being managed by such manager. During 2025, Wellington Management Company LLP owned or managed funds that own more than 5% of AGL’s common shares. The available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities in the investment portfolio primarily consist of investment-grade obligations of state and political subdivisions, U.S. government and agencies, corporate securities, mortgage-backed and other asset-backed securities.

In addition, as of December 31, 2025, $228 million of the available-for-sale fixed-maturity securities were CLO equity tranches, $168 million were bonds issued by a U.K. regulated utility to which the Company has insured exposure, and $140 million (based on fair value) were securities insured by the Company with expected losses that it subsequently purchased in order to mitigate the economic effect of such insured expected losses (Loss Mitigation Securities). The Company considers CLO equity tranches to be a component of its alternative investment strategy.

The Company also had $114 million (based on fair value) of Contingent Value Instruments (CVIs), obtained as part of the resolution of the Company’s exposure to insured Puerto Rico credits experiencing payment default other than the Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority (PREPA), all of which were classified as trading securities. See Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7. Investments and Cash.

Other invested assets and consolidated investment vehicles (CIVs): As of December 31, 2025, the carrying value of the Company’s ownership interest in Sound Point was $415 million and is reported in “other invested assets” on the consolidated balance sheets.

The Company also has alternative investments in a variety of investment strategies and asset classes offered by Sound Point as described above in “ — Asset Management Strategies,” as well as alternative investments managed by AHP and other parties. As of December 31, 2025, the Company’s other invested assets primarily consisted of funds focused on private healthcare investing, asset-based/specialty finance, CLOs and commercial real estate finance. As of December 31, 2025, one

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Sound Point managed fund was consolidated and classified as a CIV. The Company’s interest in that CIV based on net-asset-value was $57 million.

See Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 8. Variable Interest Entities, for information on the CIVs.

Risk Management

Organizational Structure

The Board oversees the risk management process. The Board employs an enterprise-wide approach to risk management that supports the Company’s business plans within an acceptable level of risk. Risk assessment and risk management encompass not only understanding the risks the Company faces and what steps management is taking to manage those risks, but also understanding what level of risk is appropriate for the Company. The Board annually approves the Company’s business plan, taking risk management into account. It also approves the Company’s risk appetite statement, which articulates the Company’s tolerance for risk and describes the general types of risk that the Company accepts or attempts to avoid. The involvement of the Board in setting the Company’s business strategy is a key part of its assessment of management’s risk tolerance and a determinant of what constitutes an appropriate level of risk for the Company.

While the Board has the ultimate oversight responsibility for the risk management process, various committees of the Board also have responsibility for risk assessment and risk management. The Risk Oversight Committee of the Board oversees the standards, controls, limits, underwriting guidelines and policies that the Company establishes and implements in respect of credit underwriting and risk management. It focuses on management of credit risks as well as other risks, including, but not limited to, market, financial, legal, operational risks (including information technology, cybersecurity and data privacy risks), and risks relating to the Company's reputation and ethical standards. In addition, the Audit Committee of the Board is responsible for, among other matters, reviewing policies and processes related to risk assessment and risk management, including the Company’s major financial risk exposures and the steps management has taken to monitor and control such exposures, in coordination with the Risk Oversight Committee. It also oversees information technology, cybersecurity and data privacy as related to financial systems and controls, and reviews compliance with related legal and regulatory requirements. The Compensation Committee of the Board reviews risks to the Company arising from its compensation program. The Finance Committee of the Board oversees the Company’s investment portfolio (including alternative investments) and the Company’s capital structure, liquidity, financing arrangements, rating agency matters, and any corporate development activities in support of the Company’s financial plan. The Nominating and Governance Committee of the Board oversees risk at the Company by developing appropriate corporate governance guidelines, identifying qualified individuals to become Board members and, in coordination with the Compensation Committee, making plans for senior management succession. The Environmental and Social Responsibility Committee oversees the Company’s risk and opportunities related to environmental issues, such as climate-related financial risk, as well as aspects of human capital management, including its strategies, policies and initiatives.

The board of directors of each of the Company’s insurance subsidiaries has overall responsibility for the system of governance, oversight of the business and affairs and establishment of the key strategic direction and key financial objectives, including risk management, of its respective company.

The Company has established several management committees to develop enterprise level risk management guidelines, and policies and procedures for the Company’s insurance subsidiaries that are tailored to their respective businesses, providing multiple levels of review, analysis and control.

The Company’s management committees responsible for risk management include:

•Portfolio Risk Management Committee—The portfolio risk management committee is responsible for enterprise risk management for the Company’s insurance business and focuses on measuring and managing credit, market and liquidity risk for the Company’s insurance business. This committee establishes company-wide credit policy for the Company’s direct and assumed insured business. It implements specific underwriting procedures and limits for the Company and allocates underwriting capacity among the Company’s subsidiaries. All transactions in new asset classes or new jurisdictions, or otherwise outside the Company’s Board-approved risk appetite statement or its risk limits, must be approved by this committee.

•Risk Management—Each financial guaranty insurance subsidiary has a committee responsible for conducting an in-depth review of the insured portfolios of the relevant subsidiary, focusing on varying portions of the portfolio at each meeting. These committees review and may revise internal ratings assigned to the insured transactions and

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review sector reports, monthly product line surveillance reports and compliance reports, and are responsible for assisting in the management of risk and oversight of their respective company’s risk management framework and processes. This includes monitoring their respective company’s compliance with risk strategy, risk appetite, risk limits, as well as overseeing and challenging their respective company’s risk management and compliance functions. In carrying out its responsibilities, each of the risk management committees considers numerous factors that could impact their insured portfolios, including macroeconomic factors, long term trends and climate-related financial risk.

•Workout Committee—This committee receives reports from surveillance and workout personnel on transactions insured by the Company that might benefit from active loss mitigation or risk reduction and approves loss mitigation or risk reduction strategies for such transactions.

•Reserve Committees—Each financial guaranty insurance subsidiary has a committee responsible for oversight of reserves for insured obligations. The reserve committees review the reserve methodology and assumptions for each major asset class or significant below-investment-grade (BIG) transaction, as well as the loss projection scenarios used and the probability weights assigned to those scenarios. The reserve committees establish reserves for their respective insurance subsidiaries, taking into consideration supporting information provided by surveillance and portfolio analytics personnel, and are responsible for approving changes to assumptions that have a significant impact on expected losses.

•Assumptions Committees—The financial guaranty insurance subsidiaries have committees responsible for setting the assumptions, other than assumptions related to BIG exposures that use transaction-specific models within the scope of the reserve committees, used to calculate the Company’s probability of default and loss in various portfolio loss scenario and economic capital models. When setting these assumptions, each committee considers relevant historical internal and external experience and any potential changes to market conditions that could affect these parameters going forward.

In addition, management and the boards of the Company’s subsidiaries evaluate alternative investments prior to committing any funds to such investments. In the case of AG, the board has delegated the approval of alternative investments to an investment committee consisting of directors who are the insurer’s Chief Investment Officer, Chief Executive Officer, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer; the activities of the investment committee are further reviewed by the insurer’s full board of directors. See “Asset Management and Alternative Investments” below.

Enterprise Risk Management

The business units and functional areas are responsible for identifying, assessing, monitoring, reporting and managing their own risks. The Chief Risk Officer and other risk management personnel are separate from the business units and are responsible for developing the risk management framework, ensuring applicable risk management policies and procedures are followed consistently across business units, and for providing objective oversight and aggregated risk analysis.

The internal audit function (Internal Audit) provides independent assurance around effective risk management design and control execution. On a quarterly basis, or more frequently when required, Internal Audit reports its findings directly to the Audit Committee of the AGL Board and informs the Chief Executive Officer and other senior management of any material issues identified during their audits.

The Company has established an enterprise level risk appetite statement, approved by the Board, and risk limits, that govern the Company’s risk-taking activities, with similar documents governing the activities of each operating subsidiary. Risk management personnel monitor a variety of key risk indicators on an ongoing basis and work with the business units to take the appropriate steps to manage the Company’s established risk appetites and tolerances. Risk management also uses an internally developed economic capital model to project potential ultimate losses in the insured portfolio as well as on alternative investments, and analyze the related capital implications for the Company. Risk management also performs stress and scenario testing to both validate model results and assess the potential financial impact of emerging risks and major strategic initiatives such as acquisitions or releases of capital.

Quarterly risk reporting keeps the Board, its Risk Oversight Committee and senior management informed about material risk-related developments. At least once each year, risk management personnel prepare an Own Risk and Solvency Assessment for the Company as a whole and each of the operating companies (Commercial Insurer Solvency Self-Assessment for AG Re and AGRO) which reports the results of capital modeling, the status of key risk indicators and any emerging risks to the Risk Oversight Committee. In addition, the Company performs in-depth reviews annually of risk topics of interest to

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management and the Board. To the extent potentially significant business activities or operational initiatives are considered, the Chief Risk Officer analyzes the possible impact on the Company’s risk profile and capital adequacy.

Surveillance of Insured Transactions

The Company’s surveillance personnel are responsible for monitoring and reporting on the performance of each risk in its insured portfolio and tracking aggregation of risk. The primary objective of the surveillance process is to monitor trends and changes in transaction credit quality, detect any deterioration in credit quality, change or affirm ratings during reviews, and recommend remedial actions to management. The Company assigns internal credit ratings at closing to all transactions in the insured portfolio, and surveillance personnel recommend rating affirmations or adjustments to those ratings via the risk management committees to reflect changes in transaction credit quality. The Company monitors its insured portfolio and refreshes its internal credit ratings on individual exposures in quarterly, semi-annual or annual review cycles based on the Company’s view of the exposure’s quality, loss potential, volatility and sector. Ratings on exposures in sectors identified as under the most stress or with the most potential volatility are reviewed every quarter, although the Company may also review a rating in response to developments impacting the credit when a ratings review is not scheduled.

The review cycle and scope vary based upon transaction type and credit quality. In general, the review process includes the collection and analysis of information from various sources, including trustee and servicer reports, performance reports from Intex (a commercially available structured finance reporting system), financial statements, general industry or sector news and analyses, and rating agency reports. Additionally, the Company uses various quantitative tools, scorecards and models to assess transaction performance and identify situations where there may have been a change in credit quality. Surveillance activities may include discussions with or site visits to issuers, servicers, collateral managers or other parties to a transaction. Surveillance may adopt augmented procedures in response to various events, as it has done in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, major natural disasters, and the transition away from the London Interbank Offered Rate as a reference rate.

For transactions that the Company has assumed, the ceding insurers are generally responsible for conducting ongoing surveillance of the exposures that have been ceded to the Company. The Company’s surveillance personnel monitor the ceding insurer’s surveillance activities on exposures ceded to the Company through a variety of means, including reviews of surveillance reports provided by the ceding insurers, meetings and discussions with their analysts and, in certain cases, independently review assumed transactions.

Workouts

The Company has personnel drawn from its surveillance, risk management, legal and other functions who are responsible for managing workout, loss mitigation and risk reduction situations. They work to develop and implement strategies on transactions that are experiencing loss or could possibly experience loss. They, along with the workout committee, develop strategies designed to enhance the ability of the Company to enforce its contractual rights and remedies and mitigate potential losses. They also engage in negotiation discussions with transaction participants and, when necessary, manage (along with legal personnel) the Company’s litigation proceedings. They may also recommend and facilitate open market or negotiated purchases of securities that the Company has insured, negotiate or otherwise implement consensual terminations of insurance coverage prior to contractual maturity, or engage in other loss mitigation strategies. In addition, the Company’s surveillance personnel work with servicers of RMBS transactions to enhance their performance.

Asset Management and Alternative Investments

The Company’s investment management personnel and other risk personnel (together, the Investment Team) monitor the Company's ownership interest in Sound Point, and investments in Sound Point funds and other alternative investments. Investment Team personnel are responsible for the evaluation and due diligence processes for proposed new investments, and submit recommended investment actions to management, the boards of directors of the insurance subsidiaries, or AG’s investment committee in accordance with the Company's investment guidelines and procedures. Investment team members monitor existing investments and provide periodic reporting at least quarterly to senior management, AGL’s Board and the Board's Risk Oversight and Finance Committees.

Data Protection

The Company is subject to local, state, and national laws and regulations in the U.S., U.K., the European Union (EU), the other EEA countries that comply with data protection laws in the EU, and other non-U.S. jurisdictions that require financial institutions and other businesses to protect personal and other sensitive information and provide notice of their privacy and

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security practices relating to the collection, disclosure and other processing of personal information. The Company is also subject to local, state, and national laws and regulations in various jurisdictions in which it does business that require notification to affected individuals and regulators regarding data security breaches. To address these requirements, the Company has established and implemented policies and procedures that are intended to protect the privacy and security of personal information that comes into the Company’s possession or control, and to comply with applicable laws and regulations. Company policies and procedures include, but are not limited to, specific technical, administrative, and physical safeguards for personal information, periodic risk assessments on privacy and security measures, monitoring and testing, an incident response plan that requires Company personnel to promptly report suspected and actual data breach incidents to designated management representatives, an enterprise-wide data governance program, and regularly maintained records that demonstrate the Company’s accountability for compliance with the core privacy principles relating to the processing of personal information and applicable data protection laws. The Company has imposed similar requirements, as applicable, on third parties with whom it shares personal information including through a rigorous vendor selection and management process. The Company engages its personnel and strives to enhance data privacy and security awareness through Company training, which is mandatory for all employees globally on an annual basis. See Item 1C. Cybersecurity.

Changing Climate Risks

The Company has long considered environmental impacts as part of its underwriting process, in particular with regard to U.S. public finance transactions. Global awareness of changing climate conditions and weather patterns has drawn greater attention to the financial implications and long-term consequences of frequent or severe natural disaster perils (e.g., storms and wildfires). As a financial guarantor of municipal and structured finance transactions, the Company does not have direct insurance exposure to natural perils but does face the risk that its obligors’ ability to pay debt service may be impacted as a result of such perils and the exacerbating effect extreme weather or deteriorating climatic conditions may have on their operations and/or financial condition.

The Company continues to enhance its approach to the consideration of climate risk in the origination, underwriting, credit approval, and surveillance of its insured exposures and has integrated climate risk into its risk management and control functions. Credit underwriting submissions are required to include an assessment of environmental and/or transitional risk factors as part of the underwriting analysis. Specifically, the vulnerability of obligors is evaluated with respect to climatic changes (e.g., sea level rise, droughts), extreme weather events (e.g., hurricanes, tornadoes, floods) or geological events (e.g., earthquakes, volcanic activity) as well as resilience factors (e.g., mitigation capabilities, adaptation capacity) to determine if such environmental issues could materially impact an obligor’s expected performance.

The Company’s assessment of how climate risks may impact a prospective obligor’s ability to pay debt service is informed by its extensive experience in municipal finance coupled with proprietary analytics and third-party data and insights. To improve the Company’s understanding of changing climate conditions and to develop the analytical tools needed to measure and manage the related financial risks, the Company has been investing in both talent and technology. The Company’s risk management function, which includes climate science expertise, continues to develop and expand analytical capabilities to evaluate climate risk and assess any potential negative impacts on the proposed obligor’s ability to pay debt service.

The Company is also exposed indirectly to climate trends and extreme weather events that might impair the performance of securities in its investment portfolio, which consists predominantly of fixed-maturity securities. Nevertheless, environmental issues, including regulatory changes, changes in supply or demand characteristics of fuels, and extreme weather events, may impact the value of certain securities. The investment guidelines incorporate material environmental factors into the investment analysis to enhance the quality of investment decisions. On an annual basis, the Company requests and reviews reports from its primary investment managers on any material non-financial risks (including vulnerability to climate risks or exposure to extreme weather events) that may adversely impact returns.

The Company believes that the physical effects of evolving climate risks on the Company’s business operations are not likely to be material and the Company does not anticipate capital expenditures for climate related projects.

Regulatory Reporting. As the global community continues to address and mitigate the effects of changing climatic conditions, regulators across jurisdictions have imposed requirements or issued guidance regarding climate risk management and related reporting. Several of the Company’s subsidiaries are subject to regulatory reporting with respect to managing and disclosing the impact of changing climate conditions and the related financial risks. The Company continues to monitor regulatory developments and meet requirements applicable to its subsidiaries. To date, the costs associated with complying with regulatory reporting obligations have not had a material impact on the Company’s business, financial condition, and results of operations.

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Governance. The Environmental and Social Responsibility Committee and the Risk Oversight Committee of AGL’s Board provide oversight of the Company's approach to addressing climate-related risk in accordance with their respective charters. The Environmental and Social Responsibility Committee reviews updates on the consideration of environmental risks in the Company’s insurance risk management and its investment portfolio, as well as legislative and regulatory developments of significance to the Company’s environmental initiatives and related oversight. The Risk Oversight Committee reviews the establishment and implementation of enterprise risk management policies and practices.

The Company also has an environmental risk working group composed of senior members of the Company’s credit, underwriting, surveillance, and risk management departments to review the impact of environmental risk on the Company, including the development of objective risk measures, metrics and methodologies needed to evaluate the financial impact of evolving climate conditions and extreme weather events on obligors in its insured portfolio on both aggregate and individual risk levels.

Regulation

Overview

The Company is a public company subject to SEC rules and regulations. It is also subject to insurance-related statutes, regulations and supervision by the U.S. states and territories and the non-U.S. jurisdictions in which it does business; the degree and type of regulation varies from one jurisdiction to another. In addition, from July 1, 2023, following the Sound Point Transaction, the Company participates in the asset management business through its ownership interest in Sound Point, which is an investment adviser registered with the SEC that is subject to asset management-related statutes and regulations. The Company expects that the statutes and regulations applicable to the Company and to Sound Point will continue to evolve for the foreseeable future.

United States Regulation

Insurance and Financial Services Regulation

AGL has one insurance subsidiary domiciled in the U.S.; AG is a Maryland domiciled insurance company licensed to write financial guaranty insurance and reinsurance in 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Guam, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands.

Insurance Holding Company Regulation

AG is subject to the insurance holding company laws of Maryland, its domiciliary jurisdiction, as well as other jurisdictions where it is licensed to do insurance business. These laws generally require AG to register with the MIA and annually to furnish financial and other information about the operations of companies within its holding company system. Generally, all transactions between AG, on the one hand, and any companies in the holding company system, on the other, including sales, loans, reinsurance and service agreements, must be fair, reasonable and equitable, and, if material or of a specified category, such as reinsurance or service agreements, require prior notice to and approval or non-disapproval by the MIA.

Change of Control

Before a person can acquire control of a U.S.-domiciled insurance company, prior written approval must be obtained from the insurance commissioner of the state where the insurer is domiciled or deemed commercially domiciled. Generally, state statutes provide that control over a domestic insurer is presumed to exist if any person, directly or indirectly, owns, controls, holds with the power to vote, or holds proxies representing, 10% or more of the voting securities of such insurer. Because a person acquiring 10% or more of AGL’s common shares would indirectly control the same percentage of the stock of AG, the insurance change of control laws of Maryland would likely apply to such acquisition. Accordingly, a person acquiring 10% or more of AGL’s common shares must either file a disclaimer of control of AG with the insurance commissioner of the State of Maryland (the Maryland Commissioner) or apply to acquire control of AG with the Maryland Commissioner. However, this presumption does not create a safe harbor for acquisitions below the 10% threshold, which may still result in a control determination. Significantly, an acquirer of less than 10% of an insurer’s voting securities may still be deemed to control the insurer based on all the facts and circumstances, including the terms and conditions of the proposed transaction. Moreover, a control relationship can arise from a contract or other factors, in the absence of any ownership of voting securities of an insurer.

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Prior to approving an application to acquire control of a domestic insurer, the Maryland Commissioner will consider factors such as the financial strength of the applicant, the integrity and management of the applicant’s board of directors and executive officers, the applicant's plans for the management of the board of directors and executive officers of the insurer, the applicant’s plans for the future operations of the insurer and any anti-competitive results that may arise from the consummation of the acquisition of control. These review requirements may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control involving AGL that some or all of AGL’s shareholders might consider to be desirable, including, in particular, unsolicited transactions.

Other State Insurance Regulations

State insurance authorities have broad regulatory powers with respect to various aspects of the business of U.S. insurance companies, including licensing these companies to transact business, “accrediting” reinsurers, determining whether assets are “admitted” and counted in statutory surplus, prohibiting unfair trade and claims practices, establishing reserve requirements and solvency standards, regulating investments and dividends and, in certain instances, approving policy forms and related materials and approving premium rates. State insurance laws and regulations require AG to file financial statements with insurance departments in every U.S. state or jurisdiction where it is licensed, authorized or accredited to conduct insurance business, and its operations are subject to examination by those departments at any time. AG prepares statutory financial statements in accordance with Statutory Accounting Principles, or SAP, and procedures prescribed or permitted by these departments. State insurance departments conduct periodic examinations of the books and records, financial reporting, policy filings and market conduct of insurance companies domiciled in their states, generally once every three to five years.

The MIA, the regulatory authority of the domiciliary jurisdiction of AG, conducts a periodic financial examination of insurance companies domiciled in Maryland, usually at five-year intervals. In 2023, the MIA last completed an examination of AG. The examination was for the five-year period ending December 31, 2021 and was a joint examination of both AG and its former affiliate, AGM, by the MIA and AGM’s domiciliary regulator, the New York State Department of Financial Services (NYDFS). The examination reports from the MIA and the NYDFS did not note any significant regulatory issues.

State Dividend Limitations

Maryland.  One of the primary sources of cash for the payment of debt service by Assured Guaranty Municipal Holdings Inc. (AGMH) and Assured Guaranty US Holdings Inc. (AGUS) and for repurchases of shares and dividends by AGL is the receipt of dividends from AG. Under Maryland’s insurance law, AG may pay any dividend or other distribution in an amount that, together with any other dividends or distributions paid in the prior 12 months, does not exceed the lesser of (i) 10% of its policyholders’ surplus (as of the prior December 31); or (ii) 100% of its adjusted net investment income; provided, that, AG notifies the Maryland Commissioner of the proposed payment within five business days following declaration and at least ten days before payment. The Maryland Commissioner may declare that such dividend or distribution not be paid if it finds that AG’s policyholders’ surplus would be inadequate after payment or if payment could lead AG to a hazardous financial condition. “Adjusted net investment income” means the sum of (x) AG’s net investment income during the 12-month period ending December 31 of the preceding year (excluding realized capital gains and pro rata distributions of its own securities), and (y) AG’s net investment income (excluding realized capital gains) from the three calendar years prior to the preceding calendar year that has not already been paid out as dividends. A dividend or distribution to a shareholder of AG in excess of the foregoing limitation would constitute an “extraordinary dividend” or “extraordinary distribution,” which must be paid out of AG’s “earned surplus” and reported to, and approved by, the MIA prior to payment. "Earned surplus" is that portion of AG’s surplus that represents the net earnings, gains or profits (after deduction of all losses) that have not been distributed to its shareholders as dividends or transferred to stated capital or capital surplus, or applied to other purposes permitted by law, but does not include unrealized capital gains and appreciation of assets. See Part II, Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations — Liquidity and Capital Resources — Insurance Subsidiaries, for the maximum amount of dividends or other distributions that can be paid without regulatory approval, recent dividend and distribution history and other recent capital movements.

Contingency Reserves

AG is required by Maryland insurance law and regulations to establish a contingency reserve, as reported on its statutory financial statements, to protect policyholders. Maryland insurance laws and regulations determine the calculation of the contingency reserve and the period of time over which it must be established and, subsequently, can be released.

Releases from an insurer’s contingency reserve may be permitted under specified circumstances in the event that actual loss experience exceeds certain thresholds or if the reserve accumulated is deemed excessive in relation to the insurer's outstanding insured obligations.

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From time to time, AG has obtained the approval of the Maryland Commissioner to release contingency reserves based on losses or because the accumulated reserve is deemed excessive in relation to the insurer’s outstanding insured obligations.

Maryland insurance laws and regulations require regular, quarterly contributions to contingency reserves, but such laws and regulations permit the discontinuation of such quarterly contributions to an insurer's contingency reserves when the insurer’s aggregate contingency reserves for a particular line of business (i.e., municipal or non-municipal) exceed the sum of the insurer’s outstanding principal for each specified category of obligations within the particular line of business multiplied by the specified contingency reserve factor for each such category. In accordance with such laws and regulations, and with the approval of the MIA, AG ceased making quarterly contributions to its contingency reserves for both municipal and non-municipal business beginning in the fourth quarter of 2014, but resumed its quarterly contributions to its contingency reserves for municipal business in the third quarter of 2024 due to the merger on August 1, 2024 of AGM with and into AG, with AG surviving. The ongoing cessation of quarterly contributions to AG’s contingency reserves for non-municipal business is expected to continue for as long as AG satisfies the foregoing condition for such line of business.

Single and Aggregate Risk Limits

The Code of Maryland Regulations establishes single risk limits for financial guaranty insurers applicable to all obligations insured by a financial guaranty insurer that are issued by a single entity and backed by a single revenue source. For example, under the limit applicable to municipal obligations, the insured average annual debt service for a single risk, net of qualifying reinsurance and collateral, may not exceed 10% of the sum of the insurer's policyholders’ surplus and contingency reserves. In addition, the insured unpaid principal of municipal obligations attributable to any single risk, net of qualifying reinsurance and collateral, is limited to 75% of the insurer’s policyholders’ surplus and contingency reserves.

Under the limit applicable to qualifying asset-backed securities, the lesser of:

•the insured average annual debt service for a single risk, net of qualifying reinsurance and collateral, or

•the insured unpaid principal (reduced by the extent to which the unpaid principal of the supporting assets exceeds the insured unpaid principal) divided by nine, net of qualifying reinsurance and collateral,

may not exceed 10% of the sum of the insurer’s policyholders’ surplus and contingency reserves, subject to certain conditions.

Single-risk limits are also specified for other categories of insured obligations, and generally are more restrictive than those described above for municipal and asset-backed obligations. Obligations not qualifying for an enhanced single-risk limit are generally subject to a catch-all or “other” limit under which the unpaid principal of the single risk, net of qualifying reinsurance and collateral, may not exceed 10% of the sum of the insurer's policyholders’ surplus and contingency reserves. For example, “triple-X” and “future flow” securitizations, as well as unsecured corporate obligations and unsecured investor-owned utility obligations, are generally subject to this catch-all or “other” single-risk limit.

The Code of Maryland Regulations also establishes an aggregate risk limit on the basis of the aggregate net liability insured by a financial guaranty insurer as compared with its statutory capital. “Aggregate net liability” is defined for this purpose (and the additional limits discussed below) as the outstanding principal and interest of guaranteed obligations insured, net of qualifying reinsurance and collateral. Under this limit, an insurer’s combined policyholders’ surplus and contingency reserves must not be less than the sum of various percentages of aggregate net liability for various categories of specified obligations. The percentage varies from 0.3333% for certain municipal obligations to 4.0% for certain non-investment-grade obligations.

Other Limits Applicable to Financial Guaranty Insurers

The Code of Maryland Regulations, as well as the laws of other states where AG is licensed that specifically regulate financial guaranty insurance, limits a financial guaranty insurer’s aggregate net liability to municipal (and related) obligations that lack (i) an underlying investment grade rating or an investment grade designation from at least one NRSRO acceptable to the state’s insurance commissioner or superintendent (Investment Grade) or (ii) an underlying investment grade determination from the Securities Valuation Office of the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (BIG/Non-Rated Exposure). Under the Code of Maryland Regulations, the BIG/Non-Rated Exposure limitation for an AA-rated insurer such as AG is 15% of the insurer’s aggregate net liability to all municipal (and related) obligations. In other states the BIG/Non-Rated Exposure limitation is 5% of the insurer’s aggregate net liability to all municipal (and related) obligations regardless of the insurer’s rating.

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The Code of Maryland Regulations and the laws of other states regulating financial guaranty insurance also generally prohibit financial guaranty insurers from insuring obligations not denominated in U.S. dollars unless the insured currency is (a) that of an Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development country or other country whose sovereign rating is Investment Grade or (b) not disapproved by the state’s insurance commissioner or superintendent. In addition, the Code of Maryland Regulations and other applicable laws limit the insurer’s aggregate net liability to such permitted non-U.S. dollar obligations to 25% of the insurer’s aggregate net liability to all obligations (the FX Percentage).

The Maryland Commissioner and the state insurance commissioners or superintendents of the other states specifically regulating financial guaranty insurance generally have broad discretion to order a financial guaranty insurer to cease new business originations if the insurer fails to comply with single or aggregate risk limits or exceeds the BIG/Non-Rated Exposure limitation or FX Percentage, but, based on the Company’s experience, are likely to show a willingness to work with AG for isolated or temporary instances of non-compliance.

Investments

AG is subject to laws and regulations that require diversification of its investment portfolio and limit the amount of investments in certain asset categories, such as BIG fixed-maturity securities, foreign investments, real estate, equity investments, and derivatives. Failure to comply with these laws and regulations would cause investments exceeding regulatory limitations to be treated as non-admitted assets for purposes of measuring surplus, and, in some instances, would require divestiture of such non-qualifying investments. In addition, any investment by AG must be authorized or approved by its board of directors or a committee thereof that is responsible for supervising or making such investment.

Group Regulation

In connection with AGL’s establishment of tax residence in the U.K., as discussed in greater detail under “Tax Matters” below, the MIA has been designated as group-wide supervisor for the Assured Guaranty group. Group-wide supervision by the MIA results in additional regulatory oversight over Assured Guaranty, particularly with respect to group-wide enterprise risk, and may subject Assured Guaranty to new regulatory requirements and constraints.

In January 2026, the Insurance Amendment (No. 2) Act 2025 became operative, which provided for certain amendments to Bermuda’s Insurance Act 1978 impacting Bermuda’s insurance group supervision framework (Insurance Act Amendment). The Insurance Act Amendment, among other things, imposes a mandatory requirement for the Bermuda Monetary Authority (BMA) to assume the role of group supervisor for Bermuda insurance groups meeting certain criteria, including groups with an ultimate parent entity incorporated or registered in Bermuda, such as Assured Guaranty. The Insurance Act Amendment contemplates a transition period of one year. Accordingly, Assured Guaranty expects that, after receipt of formal notice from the BMA confirming its role of group supervisor and completion of the transition period, the BMA will assume the role of its group supervisor, at which time Assured Guaranty will become subject to applicable group capital, reporting and governance requirements under Bermuda law.

U.S. Credit for Reinsurance Requirements for Non-U.S. Reinsurance Subsidiaries

The Company’s Bermuda reinsurance subsidiaries, AG Re and AGRO, may be affected by regulatory requirements in the 50 U.S. states, District of Columbia, American Samoa, Guam, Northern Marianas, Puerto Rico, and U.S. Virgin Islands (collectively, NAIC Jurisdictions) governing the ability of a ceding company to receive credit on its statutory financial statements for reinsurance provided by a reinsurer. In general, under such requirements, a ceding company that obtains reinsurance from a reinsurer that is licensed, accredited or approved by the ceding company’s state jurisdiction of domicile is permitted to reflect in its statutory financial statements a credit in an aggregate amount equal to the ceding company's liability for unearned premiums (which are that portion of premiums written which applies to the unexpired portion of the policy period), and loss and LAE reserves ceded to the reinsurer. NAIC Jurisdictions, however, generally also permit a credit on the statutory financial statements of a ceding insurer for reinsurance obtained from a non-licensed or non-accredited reinsurer to the extent that the reinsurer secures its reinsurance obligations to the ceding insurer by providing collateral in the form of a letter of credit, trust fund or other acceptable security arrangement. Certain of those jurisdictions also permit such non-licensed/non-accredited reinsurers that meet certain specified requirements to apply for “certified reinsurer” status. If granted, such status allows the certified reinsurer to post less than 100% collateral (the exact percentage depends on the certifying jurisdiction’s view of the reinsurer's financial strength) and the applicable ceding company will still qualify, on the basis of such reduced collateral, for full credit for reinsurance on its statutory financial statements with respect to reinsurance contracts renewed or entered into with the certified reinsurer on or after the date the reinsurer becomes certified. Each NAIC Jurisdiction has adopted laws and regulations allowing for the elimination of reinsurance collateral requirements for unauthorized reinsurers in qualifying non-U.S. jurisdictions that (i) meet specified requirements, such as minimum capital and surplus amounts and

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minimum solvency or capital ratios, and (ii) provide certain commitments to the ceding insurer’s domiciliary regulator, such as submission to jurisdiction and the filing of annual audited financial statements.

AG Re and AGRO are not licensed, accredited or approved in any state and have established trusts to secure their reinsurance obligations. In 2017, AGRO obtained certified reinsurer status in Missouri, which allows AGRO to post 10% collateral in respect of any reinsurance assumed from a Missouri-domiciled ceding company on or after the date of AGRO’s certification (although, currently, AGRO does not assume any such reinsurance). See “Non-U.S. Regulation —Bermuda—Bermuda Insurance Regulation” for Bermuda regulations applicable to AG Re and AGRO.

Regulation of Swap Transactions Under Dodd-Frank

AG is subject to direct and indirect regulation under U.S. federal law. In particular, its derivatives activities are directly and indirectly subject to a variety of regulatory requirements under the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act). Based on the size of AG’s derivatives portfolios, AGL does not believe AG is required to register with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission as a “major swap participant” or with the SEC as a “major securities-based swap participant.” Certain of the Company's subsidiaries may be subject to Dodd-Frank Act requirements to post margin for, or to clear on a regulated execution facility, future swap transactions or with respect to certain amendments to legacy swap transactions, if they enter into such transactions.

Regulation of U.S. Asset Management Business

Since July 1, 2023, following the Sound Point Transaction, the Company participates in the asset management business through its ownership interest in Sound Point. The Company is an approximately 30% owner of Sound Point, does not control the business, management or policies of Sound Point and relies upon Sound Point to make appropriate decisions and operate in a manner consistent with applicable rules and regulations. Sound Point is registered as an investment adviser with the SEC and is subject to the requirements and regulations of the U.S. Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended (the Advisers Act). As a registered investment adviser, Sound Point, LP and certain other Sound Point entities must submit periodic filings with the SEC on Forms ADV, which are publicly available. The Advisers Act also imposes additional requirements on registered advisers, including the maintenance of a Code of Ethics addressing potential conflicts of interest, an effective compliance program, recordkeeping and reporting, disclosure, limitations on cross and principal transactions between an adviser and its advisory clients and general anti-fraud prohibitions. Furthermore, private funds advised by Sound Point rely on exemptions from various requirements of the Securities Act, the Exchange Act, the U.S. Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended (the Investment Company Act), the Commodity Exchange Act and the U.S. Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA). In addition, registered investment companies advised by Sound Point are subject to the requirements of the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and the Investment Company Act and rely on exemptions from the Commodity Exchange Act and ERISA.

Non-U.S. Regulation

General

A portion of the Company’s business is conducted in non-U.S. countries. Generally, the Company’s subsidiaries operating in non-U.S. jurisdictions must satisfy local regulatory requirements. Certain of these jurisdictions require registration and periodic reporting by insurance and reinsurance companies that are licensed or authorized in such jurisdictions and are controlled by other entities. Applicable legislation also typically requires periodic disclosure concerning the entity that controls the insurer and reinsurer and the other companies in the holding company system and prior approval of intercompany transactions and transfers of assets, including, in some instances, payment of dividends by the insurance and reinsurance subsidiary within the holding company system.

In addition to these licensing, disclosure and asset transfer requirements, the Company’s non-U.S. operations are also regulated in various jurisdictions with respect to, among other matters, policy language and terms, amount and type of reserves, amount and type of capital to be held, amount and type of local investment, local tax requirements, and restrictions on changes in control. AGL, as a Bermuda-domiciled holding company, is also subject to shareholding restrictions. Such shareholding restrictions of AGL and restrictions on changes in control of our non-U.S. operations may discourage potential acquisition proposals and may delay, deter or prevent a change of control of AGL, including through transactions, and, in particular, unsolicited transactions, that some or all of its shareholders might consider to be desirable. See Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Applicable Law, Litigation and GAAP, captioned “Applicable insurance laws may make it difficult to effect a change of control of AGL.”

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Bermuda

The Bermuda Monetary Authority (the Authority) regulates the Company’s operating insurance and reinsurance subsidiaries in Bermuda. AG Re, AGRO, and Assured Life Re are each an insurance company currently registered and licensed under the Insurance Act 1978 of Bermuda, amendments thereto and related regulations (collectively, the Insurance Act). AG Re is registered and licensed as a Class 3B insurer and is authorized to carry on general insurance business (as understood under the Insurance Act), subject to any conditions attached to its license and to compliance with the requirements imposed by the Insurance Act.

AGRO is registered and licensed as both a Class 3A insurer and a Class C long-term (life) insurer, and therefore carries on both general and long-term (life) business (as understood under the Insurance Act), subject to any conditions attached to its license. In particular, AGRO must keep its accounts in respect of its general business and its long-term (life) business separate in respect of any other business. AGRO is required to maintain both a general business fund and a long-term (life) business fund (as defined in the Insurance Act).

Assured Life Re is registered and licensed as a Bermuda Class E long-term (life) insurer, which is the license class for long-term (life) insurers with total assets of more than $500 million.

Bermuda Insurance Regulation

The Insurance Act, as enforced by the Authority, imposes on AG Re, AGRO, and Assured Life Re a variety of requirements and restrictions, including the filing of annual U.S. GAAP financial statements and audited statutory financial statements; compliance with minimum enhanced capital requirements; compliance with the Authority’s Insurance Code of Conduct; compliance with the Authority’s Insurance Sector Operational Cyber Risk Management Code of Conduct; compliance with minimum solvency and liquidity standards; restrictions on the declaration and payment of dividends and distributions; preparation and publication of an annual Financial Condition Report providing details on measures governing the business operations, corporate governance framework, solvency and financial performance of the insurer and reinsurer; restrictions on changes in control of regulated insurers and reinsurers; restrictions on the reduction of statutory capital; and the need to have a principal representative and a principal office (as understood under the Insurance Act) in Bermuda. The Insurance Act grants to the Authority the power to cancel insurance licenses, supervise, investigate and intervene in the affairs of insurance and reinsurance companies and in certain circumstances share information with foreign regulators.

Shareholder Controllers

Pursuant to provisions in the Insurance Act, any person who becomes a holder of 10% or more, 20% or more, 33% or more or 50% or more of the Company’s common shares must notify the Authority in writing within 45 days of becoming such a holder. The Authority has the power to object to such a person if it appears to the Authority that the person is not fit and proper to be such a holder. In such a case, the Authority may require the holder to reduce their shareholding in the Company and may direct, among other things, that the voting rights attached to their common shares are not exercisable.

Minimum Solvency Margin and Enhanced Capital Requirements

Under the Insurance Act, AG Re, AGRO, and Assured Life Re must each ensure that the value of its general business statutory assets exceeds the amount of its general business statutory liabilities by an amount greater than a prescribed minimum solvency margin and each company’s applicable enhanced capital requirement, which is established by reference to either its Bermuda Solvency Capital Requirement (BSCR) model or an approved internal capital model. The BSCR model is a risk-based capital model which provides a method for determining an insurer’s capital requirements (statutory economic capital and surplus) by establishing capital requirements for ten categories of risk in the insurer’s business: fixed income investment risk, equity investment risk, interest rate/liquidity risk, currency risk, concentration risk, premium risk, reserve risk, credit risk, catastrophe risk and operational risk.

Restrictions on Dividends and Distributions

The Insurance Act limits the declaration and payment of dividends by AG Re, AGRO, and Assured Life Re, including by prohibiting each company from declaring or paying any dividends during any financial year if it is in breach of its prescribed minimum solvency margin, minimum liquidity ratio or enhanced capital requirement, or if the declaration or payment of such dividends would cause such a breach. Dividends cannot exceed an insurer’s current outstanding statutory surplus. In accordance with the Insurance Act, AG Re, AGRO, and Assured Life Re may declare or pay in any financial year dividends of up to 25% of its total statutory capital and surplus (as shown on its previous financial year’s statutory balance sheet) without seeking prior

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approval from the Authority. AG Re, AGRO, and Assured Life Re are prohibited from making dividend declarations or payments in excess of this 25% threshold in any financial year without certification to the Authority that the company will continue to meet its relevant margins. The Insurance Act also prohibits AGRO and Assured Life Re, as Class C and Class E licensed long-term (life) insurers, respectively, from declaring or paying any dividends to any person other than a policyholder unless its approved actuary certifies that the proposed amount of the dividend would not exceed the excess of funds available to satisfy its long-term (life) business obligations. Further, AG Re, AGRO, and Assured Life Re are permitted to make capital distributions of up to 15% of its prior year statutory capital (as shown in its previous financial year statutory balance sheet). AG Re, AGRO, and Assured Life Re must obtain the Authority’s prior approval before making capital distributions in excess of the 15% threshold. See “Minimum Solvency Margin and Enhanced Capital Requirements” above and “Minimum Liquidity Ratio” below.

The Companies Act 1981 of Bermuda (Companies Act) also limits the declaration and payment of dividends and other distributions by Bermuda companies such as AGL and its Bermuda subsidiaries, which, in addition to AG Re, AGRO, and Assured Life Re, also include Cedar Personnel Ltd. (collectively, the Bermuda Subsidiaries). Such companies may only declare and pay a dividend or make a distribution out of contributed surplus (as understood under the Companies Act) if there are reasonable grounds for believing that the company is, and after the payment will be, able to meet and pay its liabilities as they become due and the realizable value of the company’s assets will not be less than its liabilities.

Minimum Liquidity Ratio

The Insurance Act provides a minimum liquidity ratio for general business. An insurer engaged in general business is required to maintain the value of its relevant assets at not less than 75% of the amount of its relevant liabilities. Relevant assets include cash and time deposits, quoted investments, unquoted bonds and debentures, first liens on real estate, investment income due and accrued, accounts and premiums receivable, reinsurance balances receivable, funds held by ceding insurers and any other assets which the Authority accepts on application. The relevant liabilities are total general business insurance reserves and total other liabilities less deferred income tax and sundry liabilities (by interpretation, those not specifically defined) and letters of credit, corporate guaranties and other instruments.

Personal Information Protection Act 2016

The Personal Information Protection Act 2016 (PIPA) is the principal Bermuda legislation regulating the right to personal informational privacy. In December 2016, PIPA sections relating generally to the establishment, staffing, funding, and general powers of the Privacy Commissioner came into force and in January 2020 a Privacy Commissioner was appointed. On January 1, 2025, PIPA was fully implemented. PIPA applies to every organization (which includes any individual, entity or public authority) that uses personal information in Bermuda where that personal information is used by automated or other means which form, or are intended to form, part of a structured filing system. For the purposes of PIPA, “personal information” means any information about an identified or identifiable individual (meaning a natural person), and “use” or “using” are very broadly defined and effectively include possessing or carrying out any operation on personal information. AGL and its Bermuda subsidiaries are subject to PIPA requirements. As such, to the extent that AGL or the Bermuda Subsidiaries use individuals’ personal information in Bermuda, such entity will need to comply with the applicable sections of PIPA.

Beneficial Ownership

The Beneficial Ownership Act 2025 (BO Act) came into force on November 3, 2025 requiring certain legal persons in Bermuda to identify beneficial owners and maintain a beneficial ownership register. For so long as AGL’s shares are listed on an “appointed stock exchange” (which includes the New York Stock Exchange), AGL and its Bermuda Subsidiaries are exempted from the requirements of the BO Act, save for the requirement to confirm such exempted status with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda and file with the Registrar of Companies in Bermuda proof of that exemption including the name and jurisdiction of the relevant stock exchange.

Certain Other Bermuda Law Considerations

Although AGL is incorporated in Bermuda, it is classified as a non-resident of Bermuda for exchange control purposes by the Authority. Pursuant to its non-resident status, AGL may engage in transactions in currencies other than Bermuda dollars and there are no restrictions on its ability to transfer funds (other than funds denominated in Bermuda dollars) in and out of Bermuda or to pay dividends to U.S. residents who are holders of its common shares.

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AGL is not currently subject to taxes computed on profits or income or computed on any capital asset, gain or appreciation. Bermuda companies pay, as applicable, annual government fees, business fees, payroll tax and other taxes and duties. See “— Tax Matters—Taxation of AGL and Subsidiaries—Bermuda.”

United Kingdom Insurance and Financial Services Regulation

Each of AGUK and Assured Guaranty Finance Overseas Ltd. (AGFOL) are subject to the FSMA, which covers financial services relating to deposits, insurance, investments and certain other financial products. Under FSMA, effecting or carrying out contracts of insurance by way of business in the U.K. each constitutes a “regulated activity” requiring authorization by the appropriate regulator.

The PRA and the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) are the main regulatory authorities responsible for insurance regulation in the U.K. These two regulatory bodies cover the following areas:

•the PRA, a part of the Bank of England, is responsible for prudential regulation of certain classes of financial services firms, including insurance companies, and

•the FCA is responsible for the prudential regulation of all non-PRA firms and the regulation of market conduct by all firms.

AGUK, as an insurance company, is regulated by both the PRA and the FCA. They impose on AGUK a variety of requirements and restrictions, including minimum solvency capital requirements; change of control; reporting requirements; supervision of management; intervention and enforcement; and fees and levies. AGFOL, as an insurance intermediary, is regulated by the FCA. AGFOL’s permissions from the FCA allow it to introduce business to AG, so that AGFOL can arrange financial guaranties underwritten by AG. AGFOL is not authorized as an insurer and does not itself take risk in the transactions it arranges or places.

PRA Supervision and Enforcement

The PRA has extensive powers to intervene in the affairs of an authorized firm, including the power in certain circumstances to withdraw the firm’s authorization to carry on a regulated activity. The PRA carries out the prudential supervision of insurance companies like AGUK through a variety of methods, including the collection of information from statistical returns, the review of accountants’ reports and insurers’ annual reports and disclosures, visits to insurance companies and regular formal interviews. The PRA takes a risk-based approach to the supervision of insurance companies.

The PRA assesses, on an ongoing basis, whether insurers are acting in a manner consistent with safety and soundness and appropriate policyholder protection, and whether they meet, and are likely to continue to meet, threshold conditions. The PRA weights its supervision towards those issues and those insurers that, in its judgment, pose the greatest risk to its regulatory objectives. It is forward-looking, assessing its objectives not just against current risks, but also against those that could plausibly arise in the future. Its risk assessment framework looks at the insurer’s risk context, the potential impact of failure of the insurer and mitigating factors.

Other U.K. Regulatory Requirements

In 2010, it was agreed between AGUK’s management and its then regulator, the Financial Services Authority (now the PRA), that new business written by AGUK would be guaranteed using a co-guarantee structure pursuant to which AGUK would co-guarantee municipal and infrastructure transactions with AGM and structured finance transactions with AG. As a result of the merger on August 1, 2024 of AGM with and into AG, with AG surviving, the co-guarantor for both types of transactions is now AG. AGUK’s financial guaranty for each transaction covers a proportionate share of the total exposure, and AG guarantees the remaining exposure under the transaction. Under the current co-guarantee structure effective January 1, 2026 (i) AGUK directly guarantees 50% of the obligations issued in a particular transaction, subject to a guaranteed original principal amount limit of £100 million per transaction; (ii) AG directly guarantees 50% of the issued obligations, plus any principal amounts in excess of the foregoing AGUK limit; and (iii) AG also provides a second-to-pay guarantee for AGUK’s guaranteed portion of the obligations. For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2025, the co-guarantee structure split was 15% AGUK and 85% AG. See “—Insurance—Support of the European Insurance Subsidiaries.”

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Solvency UK and Solvency Requirements

Solvency II took effect from January 1, 2016 in the U.K. and remained in effect as part of the U.K.’s retained EU law after the withdrawal of the U.K. from the EU. See “Solvency II and Solvency Requirements,” below. On December 31, 2024, as part of Brexit reform, the U.K. government revoked Solvency II in the U.K. and the prudential regime provisions for insurers were moved and assimilated into the PRA’s Rulebook and policy material (Solvency UK). Solvency UK provides rules on capital adequacy, governance and risk management and regulatory reporting and public disclosure. Under Solvency UK, AGUK is subject to certain limits and requirements, including the maintenance of a minimum solvency capital requirement (which depends on the type and amount of insurance business a company writes and the other risks to which it is exposed) and the establishment of technical provisions, which include projected losses and premium earnings. Failure to maintain capital at least equal to the capital requirements under Solvency UK is one of the grounds on which the wide powers of intervention conferred upon the PRA may be exercised. AGUK calculates its solvency capital requirements using the Standard Formula under Solvency UK which establishes capital requirements for underwriting risk, market risk, counterparty default risk and operational risk.

AGUK calculates its minimum required capital according to the solvency criteria applicable in the UK and is in compliance.

Restrictions on Dividend Payments

U.K. company law prohibits each of AGUK and AGFOL from declaring a dividend to its shareholders unless it has “profits available for distribution.” The determination of whether a company has profits available for distribution is based on its accumulated realized profits less its accumulated realized losses. While the U.K. insurance regulatory laws impose no statutory restrictions on a general insurer’s ability to declare a dividend, the PRA’s capital requirements may in practice act as a restriction on dividends for AGUK.

Change of Control

Under FSMA, when a person decides to acquire or increase “control” of a U.K. authorized firm (including an insurance company) they must give the PRA (if regulated by the PRA and FCA) or the FCA (if regulated solely by the FCA) notice in writing before making the acquisition. The PRA and the FCA have up to 60 working days (without including any period of interruption) in which to assess a change of control case. Any person (a company or individual) that directly or indirectly acquires 10% or 20% (depending on the type of firm, the “Control Percentage Threshold”) or more of the shares, or is entitled to exercise or control the exercise of the Control Percentage Threshold or more of the voting power, of a U.K. authorized firm or its parent undertaking is considered to “acquire control” of the authorized firm. Broadly speaking, the 10% threshold applies to banks, insurers and reinsurers (but not brokers) and Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID) investment firms, and the 20% threshold to insurance brokers and certain other firms that are Non-Directive firms for the purposes of Solvency UK.

U.K. Withdrawal from the European Union

Through 2019, AGUK wrote business in the U.K. and various countries throughout the EU as well as certain other non-EU countries. In mid-2019, to address the impact of the withdrawal of the U.K. from the EU, AGL established AGE as a French incorporated company. AGE was authorized by the French insurance and banking supervisory authority, the ACPR, to conduct financial guarantee business from January 2, 2020, and from that date AGUK ceased the underwriting of new business within the EEA. In October 2020, in preparation for Brexit, AGUK transferred to AGE certain existing AGUK policies relating to risks in the EEA under the Part VII Transfer.

AGUK will continue to write new business in the U.K. and certain other non-EEA countries.

France

As an insurance company licensed in France, AGE is regulated by the ACPR and is subject to the provisions of Solvency II as well as related EU delegated regulations as implemented in France, and by the French Insurance Code and the Monetary and Financial Code, both of which set out the primary rules governing the insurance industry in France. In accordance with French insurance regulation and Solvency II, AGE is permitted to carry on its activities in the countries of the EEA where it is authorized to operate under the freedom to provide services regime.

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French regulation of insurance companies imposes on AGE a variety of requirements and restrictions, including minimum solvency capital requirements; change of control; reporting requirements; supervision of management; and intervention and enforcement.

ACPR Supervision and Enforcement

The ACPR has extensive powers to intervene in the affairs of an insurance company, including the power in certain circumstances to withdraw the company’s authorization to carry on a regulated activity. The ACPR carries out the prudential supervision of insurance companies like AGE through a variety of methods, including the collection of information from statistical returns, the review of accountants' reports and insurers’ annual reports and disclosures, visits to insurance companies and regular formal interviews.

The ACPR assesses, on an ongoing basis, whether insurers are acting in a manner consistent with safety and soundness and appropriate policyholder protection, and whether they meet, and are likely to continue to meet, threshold conditions. The ACPR is forward-looking, assessing its objectives not just against current risks, but also against those that could plausibly arise in the future. Its risk assessment framework looks at the insurer’s risk context, the potential impact of failure of the insurer and mitigating factors.

Solvency II and Solvency Requirements

Solvency II is the legal and regulatory basis for the supervision of insurance firms in France. It provides rules on capital adequacy, governance, risk management, and regulatory reporting and public disclosure. Under Solvency II, AGE is subject to certain limits and requirements, including the maintenance of a minimum solvency capital requirement (which depends on the type and amount of insurance business a company writes and the other risks to which it is exposed) and the establishment of technical provisions, which include projected losses and premium earnings. Failure to maintain capital at least equal to the capital requirements under Solvency II is one of the grounds on which the wide powers of intervention conferred upon the ACPR may be exercised.

Among other things, Solvency II introduced a revised risk-based prudential regime which includes the following features: (1) assets and liabilities are generally to be valued at their market value; (2) the amount of required economic capital is intended to ensure, with a probability of 99.5%, that regulated insurance firms are able to meet their obligations to policyholders and beneficiaries over the following 12 months; and (3) reinsurance recoveries are treated as a separate asset (rather than being netted off the underlying insurance liabilities). AGE calculates its solvency capital requirements using the Standard Formula under Solvency II and is in compliance.

Restrictions on Dividend Payments

French company law prohibits AGE from declaring a dividend to its shareholders unless it has “profits and/or reserves available for distribution.” The determination of whether a company has profits available for distribution is based on its accumulated realized profits less its accumulated realized losses. While French law imposes no statutory restrictions on an insurer's ability to declare a dividend, the ACPR’s capital requirements may, in practice, act as a restriction on dividends for AGE.

Change of Control

The French insurance code has requirements regarding acquisitions, disposals, and increases or decreases in ownership of a French-licensed insurance company.

Any transaction enabling a person (a company or individual), acting alone or in concert with other persons, to acquire, increase, dispose of or reduce its ownership in an insurance company licensed in France requires express or implied approval from the ACPR: (i) where such transaction results directly or indirectly in the proportion of shares or voting rights held by that person or those persons rising above 10%, 20%, one-third or 50% of all shares or voting rights; (ii) where the insurance or reinsurance company becomes a subsidiary of that person or those persons; and (iii) where the transaction allows this person or persons to exercise a significant influence over the management of this company.

As a matter of principle, the ACPR has 60 business days from the date on which it acknowledges receipt of the notification of the transaction to notify the reporting entity and the insurance company whose ownership change is contemplated of its refusal or approval of the transaction. In approving or refusing the transaction, the ACPR takes into account various factors, including the reputation of the acquirer, the effect of the transaction on the business and the management of the

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company, the impact of the transaction on the financial strength of the company, or the ability of the company to continue to comply with applicable regulation.

Human Capital Management

The Company recognizes that its workforce, as a key driver of long-term performance, is among its most valued assets. Accordingly, the Company’s principal human capital management objectives are to attract, hire, retain, develop, and support the highest quality employees, including talented and experienced business leaders who drive its corporate strategies and build long-term shareholder value. To promote these objectives, the Company’s human capital management programs are designed to reward and support employees with competitive compensation and benefit packages in each of its locations around the globe, and with professional development opportunities to cultivate talented employees and prepare them for critical roles and future leadership positions.

As of December 31, 2025, the Company employed 367 people worldwide. Other than in the EEA, none of the Company’s employees are subject to collective bargaining agreements. The Company believes its employee relations are satisfactory.

Talent Development and Retention

Learning and Development. The Company invests in the professional development of its workforce because it believes that encouraging employees to realize their full capabilities enhances job satisfaction, leads to increased performance, and enables the Company to cultivate a pipeline of internal talent for succession planning. To support the advancement of its employees, the Company endeavors to strengthen their knowledge and skills by providing access to training, including in leadership, management and effective communication skills, mentoring opportunities, as well as tuition reimbursement assistance.

Mentoring. The Company believes its culture is collegial, collaborative and conducive to informal mentorship, knowledge sharing, and the development of role-related skills. In addition, all employees have access to a formal one-on-one mentoring program as well as mentoring circles which provide additional learning resources, facilitate the onboarding of new recruits and reinforce connectedness.

Compensation and Benefits. The Company designed its compensation program to attract, retain, and motivate talented individuals and to recognize and reward outstanding achievement. The components of the program consist of base salary and may include performance-based incentive compensation in the form of an annual cash incentive and deferred compensation in the form of cash and/or equity. The Company believes that a compensation program with both short-term and long-term awards provides fair and competitive compensation and aligns the interests of employees and investors. The Company offers a benefits package designed to promote and support the physical and mental health of its employees as well as financial security. Benefits include life and health (medical, dental and vision) insurance, retirement savings plans (including Company matches of employee contributions), an employee stock purchase plan, hybrid work schedules, paid time off, paid family leave, an employee assistance program, commuter benefits, tuition reimbursement, and child, elder and pet care assistance.

Assured Guaranty employs a number of practices to help ensure that its compensation program is competitive, and aligns with the Company's goals. To promote consistency and fairness, the Company's compensation function is centralized. In addition, the Company conducts periodic reviews of its compensation program and works with independent compensation and benefits consultants to help ensure that its compensation program reflects best practices and current market standards.

Culture

Ethical and Respectful Conduct. The Company seeks to foster and maintain strong ethical standards and a reputation as a business that conducts itself professionally and with a high degree of integrity. In addition, the Company works to provide and support a respectful and inclusive environment that values the abilities of each employee, which the Company believes leads to enhanced engagement, maximizing individual performance, and improving retention. Education and awareness are critical components in promoting the Company's cultural values across the organization. Upon onboarding and annually, the Company requires all employees to complete training in the Company's Global Code of Ethics as well as its policies on the prevention of sexual harassment and discrimination. The Company also provides additional targeted training and guidance to specific personnel regarding anti-fraud, anti-bribery and anti-corruption related matters.

Employee-led Initiatives. The Company supports several employee-led initiatives that enable employees to influence and enhance the employee experience. Employee-led initiatives also provide additional opportunities for employees to develop

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and demonstrate their leadership and organizational skills, engage with colleagues across departments and offices, and champion programs and causes they value. Assured Guaranty has five employee resource groups (ERGs), selected based on employee feedback. Membership in the ERGs is voluntary and open to all employees, regardless of whether they identify with the group’s focus, and all of our ERGs include members who do not share those characteristics. The ERGs prepare strategic plans that incorporate the Company’s business objectives into their programming. The Company also has two employee-led committees: one committee that directs its philanthropic efforts by selecting charitable organizations with which to partner and by sourcing community volunteer activities, and a second committee that works to promote an inclusive culture in support of the Company’s commitment to anti-discrimination and equal opportunity in the workplace.

Employee Engagement; Feedback. The Company utilizes employee engagement surveys, conducted by a third-party provider to foster confidentiality, to gauge the effectiveness of its efforts to enhance the employee experience and to gain insight into employee perceptions about various aspects of the work environment.

Governance. The Board’s Environmental and Social Responsibility Committee and Compensation Committee, pursuant to their respective charters, provide oversight of the Company’s human capital management strategies, policies, and initiatives. The Environmental and Social Responsibility Committee is periodically updated on employee engagement, learning and development programs, culture and workplace safety. The Compensation Committee, which is advised by an independent compensation consultant, is responsible for the oversight of management development and evaluation of succession planning for senior management, and a review of the Company’s compensation programs and practices, including senior management compensation benchmarked against a comparison group.

Tax Matters

United States Tax Reform

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (the TCJA) lowered the corporate U.S. tax rate to 21%, eliminated the alternative minimum tax, limited the deductibility of interest expense and required a one-time tax on a deemed repatriation of untaxed earnings of non-U.S. subsidiaries. In the context of the taxation of U.S. property/casualty insurance companies such as the Company, the TCJA also modifies the loss reserve discounting rules and the proration rules that apply to reduce reserve deductions to reflect the lower corporate income tax rate. In addition, the TCJA included certain provisions intended to eliminate certain perceived tax advantages of companies (including insurance companies) that have legal domiciles outside the U.S. but have certain U.S. connections and U.S. persons investing in such companies. For example, the TCJA includes a base erosion and anti-abuse tax that could make affiliate reinsurance between U.S. and non-U.S. members of the Company’s group economically unfeasible. In addition, the TCJA introduced a current tax on global intangible low-taxed income that may result in an increase in U.S. corporate income tax imposed on the Company’s U.S. group members with respect to earnings of their non-U.S. subsidiaries. As discussed in more detail below, the TCJA also revised the rules applicable to passive foreign investment companies (PFICs) and controlled foreign corporations (CFCs). On July 4, 2025, the U.S. Congress passed budget reconciliation bill H.R. 1 referred to as the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA). The OBBBA includes significant provisions, such as the permanent extension of certain expiring provisions of the TCJA, modifications to the international tax framework and the restoration of favorable tax treatment for certain business provisions. The legislation has multiple effective dates, with certain provisions effective in 2025 and others implemented through 2027. The Company is currently assessing the impact on its consolidated financial statements, but does not expect it to have a material impact. Further, it is possible that other legislation could be introduced and enacted by the current Congress or future Congresses that could have an adverse impact on the Company. Additionally, tax laws and interpretations regarding whether a company is engaged in a U.S. trade or business or whether a company is a CFC or a PFIC or has related person insurance income (RPII) are subject to change, possibly on a retroactive basis. The U.S. Department of the Treasury issued final and proposed regulations intended to clarify the application of the insurance income exception to the classification of a non-U.S. insurer as a PFIC and provide guidance on a range of issues relating to PFICs, and issued proposed regulations that would expand the scope of the RPII rules. New regulations or pronouncements interpreting or clarifying such rules may be forthcoming. The Company cannot be certain if, when or in what form such regulations or pronouncements may be provided and whether such guidance will have a retroactive effect. See Part II, Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 13. Income Taxes.

Taxation of AGL and Subsidiaries

Bermuda

On December 27, 2023, the Government of Bermuda enacted the Corporate Income Tax Act 2023 (the CIT Act), which imposes a corporate income tax at the rate of 15% to in-scope entities for accounting periods starting on or after January

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1, 2025. Entities subject to tax under the CIT Act are the Bermuda tax resident entities of multinational groups that have annual revenues of €750 million or greater for at least two of the last four fiscal years.

However, a Bermuda tax resident’s entity’s liability under the CIT Act is subject to the application of any foreign tax credits (FTC) that may arise if the entity’s income is taxed in a jurisdiction outside Bermuda. The CIT Act also contains a number of adjustments to an entity’s net income for tax purposes, including transitional adjustments such as the economic transition adjustment (ETA) which, broadly, permits certain deferred tax assets to be utilized against future liabilities as a result of a step-up in the tax basis of certain assets and liabilities as of September 30, 2023 for those entities that are (or will be) subject to the CIT Act but were Bermuda tax resident as of the step-up date. Under the CIT Act of Bermuda, any liability for the tax will apply regardless of any assurances previously provided under the Exempted Undertakings Tax Protection Act 1966 of Bermuda.

United States

AGL has conducted and intends to continue to conduct substantially all of its operations outside the U.S. and to limit the U.S. contacts of AGL and its non-U.S. subsidiaries (except for its non-U.S. subsidiaries that elect to be taxed as a U.S. corporation) so that they should not be engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. A non-U.S. corporation, such as AG Re, that is deemed to be engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. would be subject to U.S. income tax at regular corporate rates, as well as the branch profits tax, on its income which is treated as effectively connected with the conduct of that trade or business, unless the corporation is entitled to relief under the permanent establishment provision of an applicable tax treaty, as discussed below. Such income tax, if imposed, would be based on effectively connected income computed in a manner generally analogous to that applied to the income of a U.S. corporation, except that a non-U.S. corporation would generally be entitled to deductions and credits only if it timely files a U.S. federal income tax return. AGL, AG Re and certain of the other non-U.S. subsidiaries have filed and will continue to file protective U.S. federal income tax returns on a timely basis in order to preserve the right to claim income tax deductions and credits if it is ever determined that they are subject to U.S. federal income tax. The highest marginal federal income tax rates currently are 21% for a corporation’s effectively connected income and 30% for the “branch profits” tax.

Under the income tax treaty between Bermuda and the U.S. (the Bermuda Treaty), a Bermuda insurance company would not be subject to U.S. income tax on income found to be effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business unless that trade or business is conducted through a permanent establishment in the U.S. AG Re currently intends to conduct its activities so that it does not have a permanent establishment in the U.S.

An insurance enterprise resident in Bermuda generally will be entitled to the benefits of the Bermuda Treaty if: (i) more than 50% of its shares are owned beneficially, directly or indirectly, by individual residents of the U.S. or Bermuda or U.S. citizens; and (ii) its income is not used in substantial part, directly or indirectly, to make disproportionate distributions to, or to meet certain liabilities of, persons who are neither residents of either the U.S. or Bermuda nor U.S. citizens.

Non-U.S. insurance companies carrying on an insurance business within the U.S. have a certain minimum amount of effectively connected net investment income determined in accordance with a formula that depends, in part, on the amount of U.S. risk insured or reinsured by such companies. If AG Re or another of the Company’s Bermuda subsidiaries is considered to be engaged in the conduct of an insurance business in the U.S. and is not entitled to the benefits of the Bermuda Treaty in general (because it fails to satisfy one of the limitations on treaty benefits discussed above), the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the Code), could subject a significant portion of AG Re’s or another of the Company’s Bermuda subsidiary’s investment income to U.S. income tax.

AGL, as a U.K. tax resident, would not be subject to U.S. income tax on any income found to be effectively connected with a U.S. trade or business under the income tax treaty between the U.S. and the U.K. (the U.K. Treaty), unless that trade or business is conducted through a permanent establishment in the U.S. AGL intends to conduct its activities so that it does not have a permanent establishment in the U.S.

Non-U.S. corporations not engaged in a trade or business in the U.S., and those that are engaged in a U.S. trade or business with respect to their non-effectively connected income are nonetheless subject to U.S. withholding tax on certain “fixed or determinable annual or periodic gains, profits and income” derived from sources within the U.S. (such as dividends and certain interest on investments), subject to exemption under the Code or reduction by applicable treaties. The standard non-treaty rate of U.S. withholding tax is currently 30%. The Bermuda Treaty does not reduce the U.S. withholding rate on U.S.-sourced investment income. The U.K. Treaty reduces or eliminates U.S. withholding tax on certain U.S.-sourced investment income, including dividends from U.S. companies to U.K. resident persons entitled to the benefit of the U.K. Treaty.

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The U.S. also imposes an excise tax on insurance and reinsurance premiums paid to non-U.S. insurers with respect to risks of a U.S. person located wholly or partly within the U.S. or risks of a foreign person engaged in a trade or business in the U.S. which are located within the U.S. The rates of tax applicable to premiums paid are 4% for direct casualty insurance premiums and 1% for reinsurance premiums.

AGRO has elected to be treated as a U.S. corporation for all U.S. federal tax purposes and, as such, AGRO, together with AGL’s U.S. subsidiaries, is subject to taxation in the U.S. at regular corporate rates.

The Company is currently evaluating the U.S. federal tax purpose of Assured Life Re.

If AGRO were to pay dividends to its U.S. holding company parent and that U.S. holding company were to pay dividends to its Bermudian parent AG Re, such dividends would be subject to U.S. withholding tax at a rate of 30%.

United Kingdom

In November 2013, AGL became tax resident in the U.K. AGL remains a Bermuda-based company and its administrative and head office functions continue to be carried on in Bermuda. The AGL common shares have not changed and continue to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).

As a company that is not incorporated in the U.K., AGL will be considered tax resident in the U.K. only if it is “centrally managed and controlled” in the U.K. Central management and control constitutes the highest level of control of a company’s affairs. From November 6, 2013, AGL’s Board began to manage the affairs of AGL in such a way as to maintain its status as a company that is tax resident in the U.K.

As a U.K. tax resident company, AGL is subject to the tax rules applicable to companies resident in the U.K., including the benefits afforded by the U.K.’s tax treaties.

As a U.K. tax resident, AGL is required to file a corporation tax return with His Majesty’s Revenue & Customs (HMRC). AGL is subject to U.K. corporation tax in respect of its worldwide profits (both income and capital gains), subject to any applicable exemptions. The main rate of corporation tax is currently 25%. AGL has also registered in the U.K. to report its value-added tax (VAT) liability. The current standard rate of VAT is 20%. Further, with effect for accounting periods starting on or after December 31, 2023, AGL may be liable to charges under the U.K.’s multinational top-up tax to the extent that any member (or members) of the group is resident in a territory other than the U.K. and that member (or those members, collectively) has an effective tax rate of less than 15% in that territory. Alternatively, AGL may be liable to charges under the U.K.’s domestic top-up tax if profits arising in the U.K. are taxed at a rate of less than 15%.

The dividends AGL receives from its direct subsidiaries should be exempt from U.K. corporation tax due to the exemption in section 931D of the U.K. Corporation Tax Act 2009. In addition, any dividends paid by AGL to its shareholders should not be subject to any withholding tax in the U.K. The non-U.K. resident subsidiaries intend to operate in such a manner that their profits are outside the scope of the charge under the “controlled foreign companies” regime. Accordingly, Assured Guaranty does not expect any profits of non-U.K. resident members of the group to be attributed to AGL and taxed in the U.K. under the CFC regime. In 2013, Assured Guaranty obtained clearance from HMRC confirming this on the basis of the facts and intentions as they were at the time.

The U.K. enacted legislation in July 2023 and February 2024, and HMRC published guidance in respect of such legislation, which, broadly, implements the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Model Rules for Pillar Two into U.K. domestic legislation for accounting periods starting on or after December 31, 2023. Pillar Two comprises rules granting jurisdictions additional taxing rights where other relevant jurisdictions have either not taxed relevant profits or those profits have been subject to a rate of tax below 15%. The rules apply to multinational groups with consolidated group revenue of €750 million or more in at least two out of the preceding four fiscal years. Through a series of complex interlocking rules, the intended effect is that low or no taxed profits would be subject to tax at an overall rate of at least 15%. See Item 1A. Risk Factors — Risks Related to Taxation captioned “AGL may become, and AG Re and AGRO are, subject to taxes in Bermuda, which may adversely affect the Company’s future results of operations and an investment in the Company” and “Assured Guaranty’s financial results may be affected by measures taken in response to the OECD BEPS project.”

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Taxation of Shareholders

Bermuda Taxation

Currently, there is no Bermuda capital gains tax, or withholding or other tax payable on principal, interest or dividends paid to the holders of the AGL common shares.

United States Taxation

This discussion is based upon the Code, the regulations promulgated thereunder and any relevant administrative rulings or pronouncements or judicial decisions, all as in effect on the date of filing and as currently interpreted, and does not take into account possible changes in such tax laws or interpretations thereof, which may apply retroactively. This discussion does not include any description of the tax laws of any state or local governments within the U.S. or any foreign government.

The following summary sets forth the material U.S. federal income tax considerations related to the purchase, ownership and disposition of AGL’s shares. Unless otherwise stated, this summary deals only with holders that are U.S. Persons (as defined below) who purchase and hold their shares and who hold their shares as capital assets within the meaning of section 1221 of the Code. The following discussion is only a discussion of the material U.S. federal income tax matters as described herein and does not purport to address all of the U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to a particular shareholder in light of such shareholder’s specific circumstances. For example, special rules apply to certain shareholders, such as partnerships, insurance companies, regulated investment companies, real estate investment trusts, dealers or traders in securities, tax exempt organizations, expatriates, persons liable for alternative minimum tax, U.S. accrual method taxpayers subject to special tax accounting rules as a result of any item of gross income with respect to AGL’s shares being taken into account in an applicable financial statement as described in section 451(b) of the Code, persons that do not hold their securities in the U.S. dollar, persons who are considered with respect to AGL or any of its non-U.S. subsidiaries as “United States shareholders” for purposes of the CFC rules of the Code (generally, a U.S. Person, as defined below, who owns or is deemed to own 10% or more of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of AGL shares or the shares of any of AGL’s non-U.S. subsidiaries (i.e., 10% U.S. Shareholders)), or persons who hold the common shares as part of a hedging or conversion transaction or as part of a short-sale or straddle or other integrated transaction. Any such shareholder should consult their tax adviser.

If a partnership holds AGL’s shares, the tax treatment of the partners will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partners of a partnership owning AGL’s shares should consult their tax advisers.

For purposes of this discussion, the term “U.S. Person” means: (i) a citizen or resident of the U.S.; (ii) a partnership or corporation, created or organized in or under the laws of the U.S., or organized under any political subdivision thereof; (iii) an estate the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income taxation regardless of its source; (iv) a trust if either (x) a court within the U.S. is able to exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more U.S. Persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of such trust or (y) the trust has a valid election in effect to be treated as a U.S. Person for U.S. federal income tax purposes; or (v) any other person or entity that is treated for U.S. federal income tax purposes as if it were one of the foregoing.

Taxation of Distributions. Subject to the discussions below relating to the potential application of the CFC, RPII and PFIC rules, cash distributions, if any, made with respect to AGL’s shares will constitute dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid out of current or accumulated earnings and profits of AGL (as computed using U.S. tax principles). Dividends paid by AGL to corporate shareholders will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction. To the extent such distributions exceed AGL's earnings and profits, they will be treated first as a return of the shareholder’s basis in the common shares to the extent thereof, and then as gain from the sale of a capital asset.

AGL believes dividends paid by AGL on its common shares to non-corporate holders will be eligible for reduced rates of tax at the rates applicable to long-term capital gains as “qualified dividend income,” provided that AGL is not a PFIC and certain other requirements, including stock holding period requirements, are satisfied.

Classification of AGL or its Non-U.S. Subsidiaries as a CFC.  Each 10% U.S. Shareholder (as defined below) of a non-U.S. corporation that is a CFC at any time during a taxable year that owns, directly or indirectly through non-U.S. entities, shares in the non-U.S. corporation on the last day of the non-U.S. corporation’s taxable year on which it is a CFC, must include in its gross income, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, its pro rata share of the CFC’s “subpart F income,” even if the subpart F income is not distributed. “Subpart F income” of a non-U.S. insurance corporation typically includes foreign personal holding company income (such as interest, dividends and other types of passive income), as well as insurance and reinsurance income

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(including underwriting and investment income). A non-U.S. corporation is considered a CFC if 10% U.S. Shareholders own (directly, indirectly through non-U.S. entities or by attribution by application of the constructive ownership rules of section 958(b) of the Code (i.e., constructively)) more than 50% of the total combined voting power of all classes of voting stock of such non-U.S. corporation, or more than 50% of the total value of all stock of such corporation on any day during the taxable year of such corporation. For purposes of taking into account insurance income, a CFC also includes a non-U.S. corporation in which more than 25% of the total combined voting power of all classes of stock or more than 25% of the total value of the stock is owned by 10% U.S. Shareholders, on any day during the taxable year of such corporation. A “10% U.S. Shareholder” is a U.S. Person who owns (directly, indirectly through non-U.S. entities or constructively) at least 10% of the total combined voting power or value of all classes of stock of the non-U.S. corporation. The TCJA expanded the definition of 10% U.S. Shareholder to include ownership by value (rather than just vote), so provisions in the Company’s organizational documents that cut back voting power to potentially avoid 10% U.S. Shareholder status will no longer mitigate the risk of 10% U.S. Shareholder status. AGL believes that because of the dispersion of AGL’s share ownership, no U.S. Person who owns shares of AGL directly or indirectly through one or more non-U.S. entities should be treated as owning (directly, indirectly through non-U.S. entities, or constructively), 10% or more of the total voting power or value of all classes of shares of AGL or any of its non-U.S. subsidiaries. However, AGL’s shares may not be as widely dispersed as the Company believes due to, for example, the application of certain ownership attribution rules, and no assurance may be given that a U.S. Person who owns the Company's shares will not be characterized as a 10% U.S. Shareholder. In addition, the direct and indirect subsidiaries of AGUS are characterized as CFCs and any subpart F income generated will be included in the gross income of the applicable domestic subsidiaries in the AGL group.

The RPII CFC Provisions.  The following discussion generally is applicable only if the gross RPII of AG Re or any other non-U.S. insurance subsidiary that either: (i) has not made an election under section 953(d) of the Code to be treated as a U.S. corporation for all U.S. federal tax purposes or (ii) is not a CFC owned directly or indirectly by AGUS (each, a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary, or collectively, with AG Re, the Foreign Insurance Subsidiaries) is 20% or more of the Foreign Insurance Subsidiary’s gross insurance income for the taxable year and the 20% Ownership Exception (as defined below) is not met. The following discussion generally would not apply for any taxable year in which the Foreign Insurance Subsidiary’s gross RPII falls below the 20% threshold or the 20% Ownership Exception is met. Although the Company cannot be certain, it believes that each Foreign Insurance Subsidiary has been, in prior years of operations, and will be, for the foreseeable future, either below the 20% threshold or in compliance with the requirements of 20% Ownership Exception for each tax year.

RPII is any “insurance income” (as defined below) attributable to policies of insurance or reinsurance with respect to which the person (directly or indirectly) insured is a “RPII shareholder” (as defined below) or a “related person” (as defined below) to such RPII shareholder. In general, and subject to certain limitations, "insurance income" is income (including premium and investment income) attributable to the issuing of any insurance or reinsurance contract which would be taxed under the portions of the Code relating to insurance companies if the income were the income of a domestic insurance company. For purposes of inclusion of the RPII of a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary in the income of RPII shareholders, unless an exception applies, the term "RPII shareholder" means any U.S. Person who owns (directly or indirectly through non-U.S. entities) any amount of AGL’s common shares. Generally, the term “related person” for this purpose means someone who controls or is controlled by the RPII shareholder or someone who is controlled by the same person or persons which control the RPII shareholder. Control is measured by either more than 50% in value or more than 50% in voting power of stock applying certain constructive ownership principles. A Foreign Insurance Subsidiary will be treated as a CFC under the RPII provisions if RPII shareholders are treated as owning (directly, indirectly through non-U.S. entities or constructively) 25% or more of the shares of AGL by vote or value.

RPII Exceptions.  The special RPII rules do not apply if: (i) at all times during the taxable year less than 20% of the voting power and less than 20% of the value of the stock of AGL (the 20% Ownership Exception) is owned (directly or indirectly through entities) by persons who are (directly or indirectly) insured under any policy of insurance or reinsurance issued by a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary or related persons to any such person; (ii) RPII, determined on a gross basis, is less than 20% of a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary’s gross insurance income for the taxable year (the 20% Gross Income Exception); (iii) a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary elects to be taxed on its RPII as if the RPII were effectively connected with the conduct of a U.S. trade or business, and to waive all treaty benefits with respect to RPII and meet certain other requirements; or (iv) a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary elects to be treated as a U.S. corporation and waive all treaty benefits and meet certain other requirements. The Foreign Insurance Subsidiaries do not intend to make either of these elections. Where none of these exceptions applies, each U.S. Person owning or treated as owning any shares in AGL (and therefore, indirectly, in a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary) on the last day of AGL’s taxable year will be required to include in its gross income for U.S. federal income tax purposes its share of the RPII for the portion of the taxable year during which a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary was a CFC under the RPII provisions, determined as if all such RPII were distributed proportionately only to such U.S. Persons at that date, but limited by each such U.S. Person’s share of a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary’s current-year earnings and profits as reduced by the U.S. Person’s share, if any, of certain prior-year deficits in earnings and profits. The Foreign Insurance

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Subsidiaries intend to operate in a manner that is intended to ensure that each qualifies for either the 20% Gross Income Exception or 20% Ownership Exception.

Computation of RPII.  For any year in which a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary does not meet the 20% Ownership Exception or the 20% Gross Income Exception, AGL may also seek information from its shareholders as to whether beneficial owners of shares at the end of the year are U.S. Persons so that the RPII may be determined and apportioned among such persons; to the extent AGL is unable to determine whether a beneficial owner of shares is a U.S. Person, AGL may assume that such owner is not a U.S. Person, thereby increasing the per share RPII amount for all known RPII shareholders. The amount of RPII includable in the income of a RPII shareholder is based upon the net RPII income for the year after deducting related expenses such as losses, loss reserves and operating expenses. If a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary meets the 20% Ownership Exception or the 20% Gross Income Exception, RPII shareholders will not be required to include RPII in their taxable income.

Apportionment of RPII to U.S. Holders.  Every RPII shareholder who owns shares on the last day of any taxable year of AGL in which a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary does not meet the 20% Ownership Exception or the 20% Gross Income Exception should expect that for such year it will be required to include in gross income its share of a Foreign Insurance Subsidiary's RPII for the portion of the taxable year during which the Foreign Insurance Subsidiary was a CFC under the RPII provisions, whether or not distributed, even though it may not have owned the shares throughout such period. A RPII shareholder who owns shares during such taxable year but not on the last day of the taxable year is not required to include in gross income any part of the Foreign Insurance Subsidiary’s RPII.

Basis Adjustments.  A RPII shareholder’s tax basis in its common shares will be increased by the amount of any RPII the shareholder includes in income. The RPII shareholder may exclude from income the amount of any distributions by AGL out of previously taxed RPII income. The RPII shareholder’s tax basis in its common shares will be reduced by the amount of such distributions that are excluded from income.

Uncertainty as to Application of RPII.  The RPII provisions are complex and have never been interpreted by the courts or the Treasury Department in final regulations; regulations interpreting the RPII provisions of the Code exist only in proposed form. Further, proposed regulations could, if finalized in their current form, substantially expand the definition of RPII to include insurance income of our Foreign Insurance Subsidiaries related to affiliate reinsurance transactions. These regulations would apply to taxable years beginning after the date the regulations are finalized. Although we cannot predict whether, when or in what form the proposed regulations might be finalized, the proposed regulations, if finalized in their current form, could limit our ability to execute affiliate reinsurance transactions that would otherwise be undertaken for non-tax business reasons in the future and could increase the risk that gross RPII could constitute 20% or more of the gross insurance income of one or more of our Foreign Insurance Subsidiaries in a particular taxable year, which could result in such RPII being taxable to U.S. Persons that own or are treated as owning shares of AGL. Accordingly, the meaning of the RPII provisions and the application thereof to the Foreign Insurance Subsidiaries is uncertain. In addition, the Company cannot be certain that the amount of RPII or the amounts of the RPII inclusions for any particular RPII shareholder, if any, will not be subject to adjustment based upon subsequent Internal Revenue Service (IRS) examination. U.S. Persons owning or treated as owning shares of AGL should consult their tax advisors as to the effect of these uncertainties.

Information Reporting.  Under certain circumstances, U.S. Persons owning shares (directly, indirectly or constructively) in a non-U.S. corporation are required to file IRS Form 5471, Information Return of U.S. Persons With Respect To Certain Foreign Corporations, with their U.S. federal income tax returns. Generally, information reporting on IRS Form 5471 is required by: (i) a person who is treated as a RPII shareholder; (ii) a 10% U.S. Shareholder of a non-U.S. corporation that is a CFC at any time during any tax year of the non-U.S. corporation and who owned the stock on the last day of that year; and (iii) under certain circumstances, a U.S. Person who acquires stock in a non-U.S. corporation and as a result thereof owns 10% or more of the voting power or value of such non-U.S. corporation, whether or not such non-U.S. corporation is a CFC. For any taxable year in which AGL determines that neither the 20% Gross Income Exception nor the 20% Ownership Exception applies, AGL will provide to all U.S. Persons registered as shareholders of its shares a completed IRS Form 5471 or the relevant information necessary to complete the form. Failure to file IRS Form 5471 may result in penalties. In addition, U.S. shareholders should consult their tax advisers with respect to other information reporting requirements that may be applicable to them.

U.S. Persons holding the Company’s shares should consider their possible obligation to file FinCEN Form 114, Foreign Bank and Financial Accounts Report, with respect to their shares. Additionally, such U.S. and non-U.S. persons should consider their possible obligations to annually report certain information with respect to the non-U.S. accounts with their U.S. federal income tax returns. Shareholders should consult their tax advisers with respect to these or any other reporting requirement which may apply with respect to their ownership of the Company’s shares.

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Tax-Exempt Shareholders.  Tax-exempt entities will be required to treat certain subpart F insurance income, including RPII, that is includable in income by the tax-exempt entity as unrelated business taxable income. Prospective investors that are tax exempt entities are urged to consult their tax advisers as to the potential impact of the unrelated business taxable income provisions of the Code. A tax-exempt organization that is treated as a 10% U.S. Shareholder or a RPII Shareholder also must file IRS Form 5471 in certain circumstances.

Dispositions of AGL’s Shares.  Subject to the discussions below relating to the potential application of the Code section 1248 and PFIC rules, holders of shares generally should recognize capital gain or loss for U.S. federal income tax purposes on the sale, exchange or other disposition of shares in the same manner as on the sale, exchange or other disposition of any other shares held as capital assets. If the holding period for these shares exceeds one year, any gain will be subject to tax at the marginal tax rate applicable to long term capital gains.

Code section 1248 provides that if a U.S. Person sells or exchanges stock in a non-U.S. corporation and such person owned, directly, indirectly through non-U.S. entities or constructively, 10% or more of the voting power of the corporation at any time during the five-year period ending on the date of disposition when the corporation was a CFC, any gain from the sale or exchange of the shares will be treated as a dividend to the extent of the CFC’s earnings and profits (determined under U.S. federal income tax principles) during the period that the shareholder held the shares and while the corporation was a CFC (with certain adjustments). The Company believes that because of the dispersion of AGL’s share ownership, no U.S. shareholder of AGL should be treated as owning (directly, indirectly through non-U.S. entities or constructively) 10% or more of the total voting power of AGL; to the extent this is the case this application of Code Section 1248 under the regular CFC rules should not apply to dispositions of AGL’s shares. A 10% U.S. Shareholder may in certain circumstances be required to report a disposition of shares of a CFC by attaching IRS Form 5471 to the U.S. federal income tax or information return that it would normally file for the taxable year in which the disposition occurs. In the event this is determined necessary, AGL will provide a completed IRS Form 5471 or the relevant information necessary to complete the Form. Code section 1248 in conjunction with the RPII rules also applies to the sale or exchange of shares in a non-U.S. corporation if the non-U.S. corporation would be treated as a CFC for RPII purposes regardless of whether the shareholder is a 10% U.S. Shareholder or whether the 20% Ownership Exception or 20% Gross Income Exception applies. Existing proposed regulations do not address whether Code section 1248 would apply if a non-U.S. corporation is not a CFC but the non-U.S. corporation has a subsidiary that is a CFC and that would be taxed as an insurance company if it were a U.S. domestic corporation. The Company believes, however, that this application of Code section 1248 under the RPII rules should not apply to dispositions of AGL’s shares because AGL will not be directly engaged in the insurance business. The Company cannot be certain, however, that the IRS will not interpret the proposed regulations in a contrary manner or that the Treasury Department will not amend the proposed regulations to provide that these rules will apply to dispositions of common shares. Prospective investors should consult their tax advisers regarding the effects of these rules on a disposition of common shares.

Passive Foreign Investment Companies. In general, a non-U.S. corporation will be a PFIC during a given year if: (i) 75% or more of its gross income constitutes “passive income” (the 75% test); or (ii) 50% or more of its assets produce passive income (the 50% test) and once characterized as a PFIC will generally retain PFIC status for future taxable years with respect to its U.S. shareholders in the taxable year of the initial PFIC characterization.

If AGL were characterized as a PFIC during a given year, each U.S. Person holding AGL’s shares would be subject to a penalty tax at the time of the sale at a gain of, or receipt of an "excess distribution" with respect to, their shares, unless such person: (i) is a 10% U.S. Shareholder and AGL is a CFC; or (ii) made a “qualified electing fund election” or “mark-to-market” election. It is uncertain that AGL would be able to provide its shareholders with the information necessary for a U.S. Person to make a qualified electing fund election. In addition, if AGL were considered a PFIC, upon the death of any U.S. individual owning common shares, such individual’s heirs or estate would not be entitled to a “step-up” in the basis of the common shares that might otherwise be available under U.S. federal income tax laws. In general, a shareholder receives an "excess distribution" if the amount of the distribution is more than 125% of the average distribution with respect to the common shares during the three preceding taxable years (or shorter period during which the taxpayer held common shares). In general, the penalty tax is equivalent to an interest charge on taxes that are deemed due during the period the shareholder owned the common shares, computed by assuming that the excess distribution or gain (in the case of a sale) with respect to the common shares was taken in equal portion at the highest applicable tax rate on ordinary income throughout the shareholder's period of ownership. The interest charge is equal to the applicable rate imposed on underpayments of U.S. federal income tax for such period. In addition, a distribution paid by AGL to U.S. shareholders that is characterized as a dividend and is not characterized as an excess distribution would not be eligible for reduced rates of tax as qualified dividend income. A U.S. Person that is a shareholder in a PFIC may also be subject to additional information reporting requirements, including the annual filing of IRS Form 8621, Information Return by a Shareholder of a Passive Foreign Investment Company or Qualified Electing Fund.

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For the above purposes, passive income generally includes interest, dividends, annuities and other investment income. The PFIC rules, as amended by the TCJA, provide that income derived in the active conduct of an insurance business by a qualifying insurance corporation is not treated as passive income. The PFIC provisions also contain a look-through rule under which a non-U.S. corporation shall be treated as if it “received directly its proportionate share of the income...” and as if it “held its proportionate share of the assets...” of any other corporation in which it owns at least 25% of the value of the stock. A second PFIC look-through rule would treat stock of a U.S. corporation owned by another U.S. corporation which is at least 25% owned (by value) by a non-U.S. corporation as a non-passive asset that generates non-passive income for purposes of determining whether the non-U.S. corporation is a PFIC.

The insurance income exception originally was intended to ensure that income derived by a bona fide insurance company is not treated as passive income, except to the extent such income is attributable to financial reserves in excess of the reasonable needs of the insurance business. The Company expects, for purposes of the PFIC rules, that each of AGL’s insurance subsidiaries is unlikely to have financial reserves in excess of the reasonable needs of its insurance business in each year of operations. However, the TCJA limits the insurance income exception to a non-U.S. insurance company that is a qualifying insurance corporation that would be taxable as an insurance company if it were a U.S. corporation and maintains insurance liabilities of more than 25% of such company’s assets for a taxable year (or maintains insurance liabilities that at least equal or exceed 10% of its assets, is predominantly engaged in an insurance business and satisfies a facts and circumstances test that requires a showing that the failure to exceed the 25% threshold is due to runoff-related or rating-related circumstances) (the Reserve Test). Further, the U.S. Treasury Department and the IRS issued final and proposed regulations (the 2020 Regulations) intended to clarify the application of the PFIC provisions to a non-U.S. insurance company and provide guidance on a range of issues relating to PFICs, including the application of the look-through rule, the treatment of income and assets of certain U.S. insurance subsidiaries for purposes of the look-through rule and the extension of the look-through rule to 25% or more owned partnerships. The 2020 Regulations define insurance liabilities for purposes of the Reserve Test, tighten the Reserve Test and the statutory cap on insurance liabilities, and provide guidance on the runoff-related and rating-related circumstances for purposes of the 10% test (including a provision that deems certain financial guaranty insurers that fail the 25% test to meet the rating-related circumstances test). The 2020 Regulations also propose that a non-U.S. insurance company will qualify for the insurance company exception only if a factual requirements test or an active conduct percentage test is satisfied. The factual requirements test will be met if the non-U.S. insurance company’s officers and employees perform its substantial managerial and operational activities on a regular and continuous basis with respect to its core functions and virtually all of the active decision-making functions relevant to underwriting on a contract-by-contract basis (taking into account activities of officers and employees of certain related entities in certain cases). The active conduct percentage test will be satisfied if: (1) the total costs incurred by the non-U.S. insurance company with respect to its officers and employees (including officers and employees of certain related entities) for services related to core functions (other than investment activities) equal at least 50% of the total costs incurred for all such services; and (2) the non-U.S. insurer’s officers and employees oversee any part of the non-U.S. insurance company’s core functions, including investment management, that are outsourced to an unrelated party. Services provided by officers and employees of certain related entities are only taken into account in the numerator of the active conduct percentage if the non-U.S. insurance company exercises regular oversight and supervision over such services and compensation arrangements meet certain requirements. The 2020 Regulations also propose that a non-U.S. insurance company with no or a nominal number of employees that relies exclusively or almost exclusively upon independent contractors (other than certain related entities) to perform its core functions will not be treated as engaged in the active conduct of an insurance business. The Company believes that, based on the application of the PFIC look-through rules described above and the Company's plan of operations for the current and future years, AGL should not be characterized as a PFIC. However, as the Company cannot predict the likelihood of finalization of the proposed 2020 Regulations or the scope, nature or impact of the 2020 Regulations on us, or whether the Company’s non-U.S. insurance subsidiaries will be able to satisfy the Reserve Test in future years and the interaction of the PFIC look-through rules is not clear, no assurance may be given that the Company will not be characterized as a PFIC. Prospective investors should consult their tax adviser as to the effects of the PFIC rules.

Foreign tax credit. If U.S. Persons own a majority of AGL’s common shares, only a portion of the current income inclusions, if any, under the CFC, RPII and PFIC rules and of dividends paid by AGL (including any gain from the sale of common shares that is treated as a dividend under section 1248 of the Code) will be treated as foreign source income for purposes of computing a shareholder’s U.S. foreign tax credit limitations. The Company will consider providing shareholders with information regarding the portion of such amounts constituting foreign source income to the extent such information is reasonably available. It is also likely that substantially all of the “subpart F income,” RPII and dividends that are foreign source income will constitute either “passive” or “general” income. Thus, it may not be possible for most shareholders to utilize excess FTC to reduce U.S. tax on such income.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding on Distributions and Disposition Proceeds. Information returns may be filed with the IRS in connection with distributions on AGL’s common shares and the proceeds from a sale or other disposition of AGL’s common shares unless the holder of AGL’s common shares establishes an exemption from the

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information reporting rules. A holder of common shares that does not establish such an exemption may be subject to U.S. backup withholding tax on these payments if the holder is not a corporation or non-U.S. Person or fails to provide its taxpayer identification number or otherwise comply with the backup withholding rules. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Person will be allowed as a credit against the U.S. Person’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle the U.S. Person to a refund, provided that the required information is furnished to the IRS.

United Kingdom

The following discussion is intended to be only a general guide to certain U.K. tax consequences of holding AGL common shares, under current law and the current practice of HMRC, either of which is subject to change at any time, possibly with retrospective effect. Except where otherwise stated, this discussion applies only to shareholders who are not (and have not recently been) resident or (in the case of individuals) domiciled for tax purposes in the U.K. who hold their AGL common shares as an investment and who are the absolute beneficial owners of their common shares. This discussion may not apply to certain shareholders, such as dealers in securities, life insurance companies, collective investment schemes, shareholders who are exempt from tax and shareholders who have (or are deemed to have) acquired their shares by virtue of an office or employment. Such shareholders may be subject to special rules.

The following statements do not purport to be a comprehensive description of all the U.K. considerations that may be relevant to any particular shareholder. Any person who is in any doubt as to their tax position should consult an appropriate professional tax adviser.

AGL’s Tax Residency. AGL is not incorporated in the U.K., but from November 6, 2013, AGL’s Board has managed its affairs with the intent to maintain its status as a company that is tax resident in the U.K.

Dividends. Under current U.K. tax law, AGL is not required to withhold tax at source from dividends paid to the holders of the AGL common shares.

Capital gains. U.K. tax is not normally charged on any capital gains realized by non-U.K. shareholders in AGL unless, in the case of a corporate shareholder, at or before the time the gain accrues, the shareholding is used in or for the purposes of a trade carried on by the non-resident shareholder through a permanent establishment in the U.K. or for the purposes of that permanent establishment. Similarly, an individual shareholder who carries on a trade, profession or vocation in the U.K. through a branch or agency may be liable for U.K. tax on the gain if such shareholder disposes of shares that are, or have been, used, held or acquired for the purposes of such trade, profession or vocation or for the purposes of such branch or agency. This treatment applies regardless of the U.K. tax residence status of AGL.

Stamp Taxes. On the basis that AGL does not currently intend to maintain a share register in the U.K., there should be no U.K. stamp duty reserve tax on a purchase of common shares in AGL. A conveyance or transfer on sale of common shares in AGL will not be subject to U.K. stamp duty, provided that the instrument of transfer is not executed in the U.K. and does not relate to any property situated, or any matter or thing done, or to be done, in the U.K.

Available Information

The Company maintains a website at assuredguaranty.com. The Company makes available, free of charge, on its website (under assuredguaranty.com/sec-filings) the Company’s annual report on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13 (a) or 15 (d) of the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after the Company files such material with, or furnishes it to, the SEC. The Company also makes available, free of charge, through its website (under assuredguaranty.com/governance) links to the Company’s Corporate Governance Guidelines, its Global Code of Ethics, AGL's Bye-Laws and the charters for its Board committees, as well as certain of the Company's environmental and social policies and statements. In addition, the SEC maintains an Internet site (at sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC.

The Company routinely posts important information for investors on its website (under assuredguaranty.com/company-statements and, more generally, under the Investor Information tab at assuredguaranty.com/investor-information and Businesses tab at assuredguaranty.com/businesses). The Company also maintains a social media account on LinkedIn (linkedin.com/company/assured-guaranty/). The Company uses its website and may use its social media account as a means of disclosing material information and for complying with its disclosure obligations under SEC Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure). Accordingly, investors should monitor the Company Statements, Investor Information and Businesses portions of the

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Company’s website as well as the Company’s social media account on LinkedIn, in addition to following the Company’s press releases, SEC filings, public conference calls, presentations and webcasts.

The information contained on, or that may be accessed through, the Company’s website is not incorporated by reference into, and is not a part of, this report.